Integrating Ecosystem Services and Key Species Distribution to Construct a Sustainable Ecological Security Pattern in a Plateau Urban Agglomeration

Urban agglomerations in plateau regions often face severe landscape fragmentation and cross-boundary ecological pressures, highlighting the need for coordinated eco-logical planning for sustainable urban development. We coupled species–landscape interactions and multi-ecological services to construct sustainable ecological security patterns (ESPs) and establish a collaborative optimization framework. Specifically, we integrated MaxEnt-derived habit suitability with InVEST-based ecosystem services to identify ecological sources (ESs) and analysis the environmental impacts on species distribution. Based on this, we built a multi-factor resistance surface and employed circuit theory to extract ecological corridors (ECs) and critical nodes (pinch points and barrier points). Then, we quantitatively compared two simulated scenarios (barrier points restoration and stepping stone augmentation) to assess the spatial priority of ecological nodes. We identified 48 ESs (26,410.48 km 2 , mainly distributed in Chuxiong, Yuxi, Honghe, and Kunming), 115 ECs (2670.02 km, with a west-dense and east-sparse spatial pattern), 43 pinch points, and 39 barrier points. Scenario simulation shows that repairing 39 barrier nodes increases network connectivity by an average of 33.52% and global network efficiency by 19.44%, whereas adding steeping stones yields improvements of 20.09% and 5.56%, respectively, indicating that barrier-node restoration produces larger contribution in both connectivity and efficiency at the global scale. Leveraging EN construction and scenario simulation, we developed an ESP-based sustainable framework for collaborative optimization in plateau urban agglomerations. The framework specifies agglomeration-specific coordination pathways, which are expected to provide a transferable blueprint for biodiversity conservation, ecosystem optimization, and sustainable development.