Laboratory Experiments Unravel the Mechanisms of Snowmelt Erosion in Northeast China’s Black Soil: The Key Role of Supersaturation-Driven and Layered Moisture Migration

Snowmelt runoff is a major soil erosion trigger in mid-to-high latitude and altitude regions. Through runoff plot observations and simulations in the northeastern black soil region, this study reveals the key regulatory mechanism of water migration on snowmelt erosion. Results demonstrate that the interaction between thawed upper and frozen lower soil layers creates a significant hydraulic gradient during snowmelt. Impermeability of the frozen layer causes meltwater accumulation and moisture supersaturation (>47%, exceeding field capacity) in the upper layer. Freeze–thaw action accelerates vertical moisture migration and redistributes shallow moisture by increasing porosity. This process causes soils with high initial moisture to reach supersaturation faster, triggering earlier and more frequent erosion. Gray correlation analysis shows that soil moisture migration’s contribution to erosion intensity is layered: migration in shallow soil (0–10 cm) correlates most strongly with surface erosion; migration in deep soil (10–15 cm) exhibits a U-shaped contribution due to freeze–thaw front boundary effects. A regression model identified key controlling factors (VIP > 1.0): changes in bulk density, porosity, and permeability of deep soil significantly regulate erosion intensity. The nonlinear relationship between erosion intensity and moisture content (R 2 = 0.82) confirms supersaturation dominance. Physical structure and mechanical properties of unfrozen layers regulate erosion dynamics via moisture migration. These findings clarify the key mechanism of moisture migration governing snowmelt erosion, providing a critical scientific foundation for developing targeted soil conservation strategies and advancing regional prediction models essential for sustainable land management under changing winter climates.