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The Impact of Transfer Case Parameters on the Tractive Efficiency of Heavy Off-Road Vehicles

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  • Damian Stefanow

    (Department of Fundamentals of Machine Design and Mechatronic Systems, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, 27 Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego St., 50-370 Wrocław, Poland)

Abstract

One of the key issues in vehicle sustainability is their energy efficiency. The article concerns the complex issue of predicting the tractive efficiency of heavy off-road vehicles depending on the parameters of the transfer case. As part of the research, a mathematical model of an off-road truck with simplified drive system was developed and implemented in MATLAB/Simulink environment. Multiple simulations for various parameters were performed. Based on the simulation results, efficiency maps were plotted depending on parameters such as the friction coefficient in the differential mechanism, torque bias of the differential, load distribution and drawbar pull of the vehicle. The results showed that the vehicle generally achieves the highest traction efficiency with the differential operating in locked condition and confirmed that the optimal torque bias is close to the load ratio. However, taking into account the multipass effect shifts this value towards the front wheel, while taking into account the bulldozing effect shifts it towards the rear wheel. Simulated vehicle showed higher efficiency when heavily loaded at higher differential friction, while when lightly loaded, higher efficiency at lower friction. Thanks to its high degree of parameterization, this model can be used to help optimize the drive train of off-road vehicles traveling in various terrains from the energy consumption point of view, leading to more sustainable operation.

Suggested Citation

  • Damian Stefanow, 2025. "The Impact of Transfer Case Parameters on the Tractive Efficiency of Heavy Off-Road Vehicles," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 17(19), pages 1-30, September.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:17:y:2025:i:19:p:8586-:d:1757389
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Shiwei Xu & Junqiu Li & Xiaopeng Zhang & Daikun Zhu, 2024. "Research on Optimal Driving Torque Control Strategy for Multi-Axle Distributed Electric Drive Heavy-Duty Vehicles," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(16), pages 1-26, August.
    2. Arash Mousaei & Yahya Naderi, 2023. "Optimal Predictive Torque Distribution Control System to Enhance Stability and Energy Efficiency in Electric Vehicles," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(20), pages 1-19, October.
    3. Ningyuan Guo & Jie Ye & Zihao Huang, 2024. "Cooperative Control of Distributed Drive Electric Vehicles for Handling, Stability, and Energy Efficiency, via ARS and DYC," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(24), pages 1-23, December.
    4. Deping Wang & Changyang Guan & Junnian Wang & Haisheng Wang & Zhenhao Zhang & Dachang Guo & Fang Yang, 2023. "Review of Energy-Saving Technologies for Electric Vehicles, from the Perspective of Driving Energy Management," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(9), pages 1-17, May.
    5. Óscar S. Serrano-Guevara & José I. Huertas & Michael Giraldo, 2025. "Real Energy Efficiency of Road Vehicles," Energies, MDPI, vol. 18(8), pages 1-24, April.
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