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Anaerobic Co-Digestion of Food Waste in Ghana: Biological Methane Potential and Process Stabilisation Challenges in a Rural Setting

Author

Listed:
  • Raquel Arnal-Sierra

    (Leitat Technological Center, Department of Circular Economy and Decarbonization, C/de la Innovació 2, 08225 Terrassa, Spain)

  • Simone Colantoni

    (Leitat Technological Center, Department of Circular Economy and Decarbonization, C/de la Innovació 2, 08225 Terrassa, Spain)

  • Albert Awopone

    (Department of Electrical and Electronics Technology Education, Akenten Appiah-Menka University of Skills Training and Entrepreneurial Development (AAMUSTED), Kumasi P.O. Box 1277, Ghana)

  • Isaac Boateng

    (Department of Construction Technology and Management Education, Akenten Appiah-Menka University of Skills Training and Entrepreneurial Development (AAMUSTED), Kumasi P.O. Box 1277, Ghana)

  • Kingsley Agyapong

    (Department of Management Education, Akenten Appiah-Menka University of Skills Training and Entrepreneurial Development (AAMUSTED), Kumasi P.O. Box 1277, Ghana)

  • Frederick Kwaku Sarfo

    (Department of Educational Leadership, Akenten Appiah-Menka University of Skills Training and Entrepreneurial Development (AAMUSTED), Kumasi P.O. Box 1277, Ghana)

  • Daniele Molognoni

    (Leitat Technological Center, Department of Circular Economy and Decarbonization, C/de la Innovació 2, 08225 Terrassa, Spain)

  • Eduard Borràs

    (Leitat Technological Center, Department of Circular Economy and Decarbonization, C/de la Innovació 2, 08225 Terrassa, Spain)

Abstract

In rural Ghana, limited access to affordable, clean cooking fuels drives the need for decentralised waste-to-energy solutions. Anaerobic co-digestion (AcoD) offers a viable route for transforming organic residues into renewable energy, with the added benefit of improved process stability resulting from substrate synergy. This study aims to evaluate the technical feasibility and stabilisation challenges of AcoD, using locally available fruit waste and beet molasses at a secondary school in Bedabour (Ghana). Biological methane potential (BMP) assays of different co-digestion mixtures were conducted at two inoculum-to-substrate (I/S) ratios (2 and 4), identifying the highest yield (441.54 ± 45.98 NmL CH 4 /g VS) for a mixture of 75% fruit waste and 25% molasses at an I/S ratio of 4. Later, this mixture was tested in a 6 L semi-continuous AcoD reactor. Due to the high biodegradability of the substrates, volatile fatty acid (VFA) accumulation led to acidification and process instability. Three low-cost mitigation strategies were evaluated: (i) carbonate addition using eggshell-derived sources, (ii) biochar supplementation to enhance buffering capacity, and (iii) the integration of a bioelectrochemical system (BES) into the AcoD recirculation loop. The BES was intended to support VFA removal and enhance methane recovery. Although they temporarily improved the biogas production, none of the strategies ensured long-term pH stability of the AcoD process. The results underscore the synergistic potential of AcoD to enhance methane yields but also reveal critical stability limitations under high-organic-loading conditions in low-buffering rural contexts. Future implementation studies should integrate substrates with higher alkalinity or adjusted organic loading rates to ensure sustained performance. These findings provide field-adapted insights for scaling-up AcoD as a viable renewable energy solution in resource-constrained settings.

Suggested Citation

  • Raquel Arnal-Sierra & Simone Colantoni & Albert Awopone & Isaac Boateng & Kingsley Agyapong & Frederick Kwaku Sarfo & Daniele Molognoni & Eduard Borràs, 2025. "Anaerobic Co-Digestion of Food Waste in Ghana: Biological Methane Potential and Process Stabilisation Challenges in a Rural Setting," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 17(17), pages 1-27, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:17:y:2025:i:17:p:7590-:d:1730451
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Arthur, Richard & Baidoo, Martina Francisca & Antwi, Edward, 2011. "Biogas as a potential renewable energy source: A Ghanaian case study," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 36(5), pages 1510-1516.
    2. Karimu, Amin & Mensah, Justice Tei & Adu, George, 2016. "Who Adopts LPG as the Main Cooking Fuel and Why? Empirical Evidence on Ghana Based on National Survey," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 85(C), pages 43-57.
    3. Gahyun Baek & Danbee Kim & Jinsu Kim & Hanwoong Kim & Changsoo Lee, 2020. "Treatment of Cattle Manure by Anaerobic Co-Digestion with Food Waste and Pig Manure: Methane Yield and Synergistic Effect," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(13), pages 1-13, July.
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