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Contrasting Reaction of Dissolved Organic Matter with Birnessite Induced by Humic and Fulvic Acids in Flooded Paddy Soil

Author

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  • Xiangbiao Zhang

    (Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Control Technology for Industrial Pollution, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310000, China)

  • Xin Zhou

    (Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Control Technology for Industrial Pollution, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310000, China)

  • Yanyue Ma

    (Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Control Technology for Industrial Pollution, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310000, China)

  • Wenjin Zhang

    (Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Control Technology for Industrial Pollution, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310000, China)

  • Ruihua Zhang

    (Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Control Technology for Industrial Pollution, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310000, China)

  • Weiwei Zhai

    (Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Control Technology for Industrial Pollution, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310000, China)

Abstract

Manganese (Mn) oxides exhibit significant potential to either stabilize or destabilize soil organic carbon (SOC) through the polymerization and/or oxidation of organic molecules via organo-mineral interactions. Birnessite (MnO 2 ) is known to strongly interact with soil dissolved organic matter (DOM), which is DOM composition-dependent. Humic acid (HA) and fulvic acid (FA) are commonly used as organic fertilizers in soils. In this study, the contrasting reaction of DOM with birnessite in flooded paddy soil with HA and FA amendment was investigated at a molecular level. The results demonstrated that HA amendment enhanced the reaction of phenolic compounds in soil DOM with birnessite, leading to the formation of condensed aromatic compounds and polymeric products (PP) with higher molecular weights and aromaticity. This suggests that HA amendment enhances the birnessite-induced polymerization of soil DOM. In contrast, FA facilitated the birnessite-induced oxidation of soil DOM, yielding dicarboxylic acids (DA), monocarboxylic acids (MA), and quinones products (QP). These findings demonstrate that the reactivity of soil DOM with birnessite is significantly influenced by the composition of DOM exogenously added. This study provides comprehensive understandings of the interactions among Mn and C and helps to predict behaviors of DOM molecules in flooded paddy soil, which is critical for optimizing sustainable soil management.

Suggested Citation

  • Xiangbiao Zhang & Xin Zhou & Yanyue Ma & Wenjin Zhang & Ruihua Zhang & Weiwei Zhai, 2025. "Contrasting Reaction of Dissolved Organic Matter with Birnessite Induced by Humic and Fulvic Acids in Flooded Paddy Soil," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 17(16), pages 1-16, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:17:y:2025:i:16:p:7203-:d:1720824
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Michael W. I. Schmidt & Margaret S. Torn & Samuel Abiven & Thorsten Dittmar & Georg Guggenberger & Ivan A. Janssens & Markus Kleber & Ingrid Kögel-Knabner & Johannes Lehmann & David A. C. Manning & Pa, 2011. "Persistence of soil organic matter as an ecosystem property," Nature, Nature, vol. 478(7367), pages 49-56, October.
    2. Johannes Lehmann & Markus Kleber, 2015. "The contentious nature of soil organic matter," Nature, Nature, vol. 528(7580), pages 60-68, December.
    3. Li, Ge & Shan, Yuyang & Nie, Weibo & Sun, Yan & Su, Lijun & Mu, Weiyi & Qu, Zhi & Yang, Ting, 2025. "Humic acid improves water retention, maize growth, water use efficiency and economic benefits in coastal saline-alkali soils," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 309(C).
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