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Wood- and Steel-Based Offsite Construction Solutions for Sustainable Building Renovation: Assessing the European and Italian Contexts

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  • Graziano Salvalai

    (Department of Architecture, Built Environment and Construction Engineering, Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy)

  • Francesca Gadusso

    (Department of Architecture, Built Environment and Construction Engineering, Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy)

  • Miriam Benedetti

    (Agenzia Nazionale per le Nuove Tecnologie, l’Energia e lo Sviluppo Economico Sostenibile (ENEA), 00196 Rome, Italy)

Abstract

Offsite construction (OSC) offers a promising alternative for accelerating refurbishment projects across Italy and Europe. However, its adoption remains limited due to technical, regulatory, and cultural barriers. This study, conducted as part of the OFFICIO project, maps the current European OSC landscape, with a focus on wood and light-steel technologies for sustainable building refurbishment. Combining a literature review, analysis of funded projects, and market data for 541 OSC products, the study develops tailored KPIs to assess these products’ technical maturity, prefabrication level, and environmental integration. The results reveal that wood-based OSC, although less widespread, is more mature and centered on the use of multi-layer panels, while steel-based systems, though more prevalent, remain largely tied to semi-offsite construction, indicating untapped development potential. Research efforts, especially concentrated in Mediterranean regions, focus on technological integration of renewable energy systems. A significant literature gap was identified in information concerning panel-to-wall connection, critical for renovation, limiting OSC’s adaptability to regeneration of existing buildings. The findings highlight the need for cross-sector collaboration, legislative clarity, and better alignment of public procurement standards with OSC characteristics. Addressing these issues is essential to bridge the gap between research prototypes and industrial adoption and accelerate the sustainable transformation of Europe’s construction sector to help meet climate neutrality targets.

Suggested Citation

  • Graziano Salvalai & Francesca Gadusso & Miriam Benedetti, 2025. "Wood- and Steel-Based Offsite Construction Solutions for Sustainable Building Renovation: Assessing the European and Italian Contexts," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 17(15), pages 1-18, July.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:17:y:2025:i:15:p:6799-:d:1710496
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Opabola, Eyitayo A. & Galasso, Carmine, 2024. "A probabilistic framework for post-disaster recovery modeling of buildings and electric power networks in developing countries," Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Elsevier, vol. 242(C).
    2. Diallo, Thierno M.O. & Zhao, Xudong & Dugue, Antoine & Bonnamy, Paul & Javier Miguel, Francisco & Martinez, Asier & Theodosiou, Theodoros & Liu, Jing-Sheng & Brown, Nathan, 2017. "Numerical investigation of the energy performance of an Opaque Ventilated Façade system employing a smart modular heat recovery unit and a latent heat thermal energy system," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 205(C), pages 130-152.
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