IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jsusta/v17y2025i14p6569-d1704705.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Variability of Summer Drought and Heatwave Events in Northeast China

Author

Listed:
  • Rui Wang

    (School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Liaoning University of Technology, Jinzhou 121001, China)

  • Longpeng Cong

    (School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Liaoning University of Technology, Jinzhou 121001, China)

  • Ying Sun

    (School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Liaoning University of Technology, Jinzhou 121001, China)

  • Xiaotian Bai

    (School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Liaoning University of Technology, Jinzhou 121001, China)

Abstract

As global climate change intensifies, extreme climate events are becoming more frequent, presenting significant challenges to socioeconomic systems and ecosystems. Northeast China, a region highly sensitive to climate change, has been profoundly impacted by compound drought and heat extremes (CDHEs), affecting agriculture, society, and the economy. To evaluate the characteristics and evolution of summer CDHEs in this region, this study analyzed observational data from 81 meteorological stations (1961–2020) and developed a Standardized Temperature–Precipitation Index (STPI) using the Copula joint probability method. The STPI’s effectiveness in characterizing compound drought and heat conditions was validated against historical records. Using the constructed STPI, this study conducted a comprehensive analysis of the spatiotemporal distribution of CDHEs. The Theil–Sen median trend analysis, Mann–Kendall trend tests, and the frequency of CDHEs were employed to examine drought and heatwave patterns and their influence on compound events. The findings demonstrated an increase in the severity of compound drought and heat events over time. Although the STPI exhibited a slight interannual decline, its values remained above −2.0, indicating the continued intensification of these events in the study area. Most of the stations showed a non-significant decline in the Standardized Precipitation Index and a significant rise in the Standardized Temperature Index, indicating that rising temperatures primarily drive the increasing severity of compound drought and heat events. The 1990s marked a turning point with a significant increase in the frequency, severity, and spatial extent of these events.

Suggested Citation

  • Rui Wang & Longpeng Cong & Ying Sun & Xiaotian Bai, 2025. "Variability of Summer Drought and Heatwave Events in Northeast China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 17(14), pages 1-24, July.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:17:y:2025:i:14:p:6569-:d:1704705
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/17/14/6569/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/17/14/6569/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Gianluca Pescaroli & David Alexander, 2018. "Understanding Compound, Interconnected, Interacting, and Cascading Risks: A Holistic Framework," Risk Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 38(11), pages 2245-2257, November.
    2. Zhang, Qi & Yu, Xin & Qiu, Rangjian & Liu, Zhongxian & Yang, Zaiqiang, 2022. "Evolution, severity, and spatial extent of compound drought and heat events in north China based on copula model," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 273(C).
    3. Muhammad Nouman Sattar & Jin-Young Lee & Ji-Yae Shin & Tae-Woong Kim, 2019. "Probabilistic Characteristics of Drought Propagation from Meteorological to Hydrological Drought in South Korea," Water Resources Management: An International Journal, Published for the European Water Resources Association (EWRA), Springer;European Water Resources Association (EWRA), vol. 33(7), pages 2439-2452, May.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Thomas J. Huggins & Lili Yang & Didier Sornette, 2021. "Introduction to the Special Issue on Cascading Disaster Modelling and Prevention," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(9), pages 1-4, April.
    2. Veruska Muccione & Thomas Lontzek & Christian Huggel & Philipp Ott & Nadine Salzmann, 2023. "An application of dynamic programming to local adaptation decision-making," Natural Hazards: Journal of the International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, Springer;International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, vol. 119(1), pages 523-544, October.
    3. Christo Odeyemi & Takashi Sekiyama, 2022. "A Review of Climate Security Discussions in Japan," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(14), pages 1-21, July.
    4. Geoff Kaine & Vic Wright, 2025. "Regulator Theory, Natural Hazards, and Climate Change," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 17(7), pages 1-20, March.
    5. Jennifer Morris & Andrei Sokolov & John Reilly & Alex Libardoni & Chris Forest & Sergey Paltsev & C. Adam Schlosser & Ronald Prinn & Henry Jacoby, 2025. "Quantifying both socioeconomic and climate uncertainty in coupled human–Earth systems analysis," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 16(1), pages 1-16, December.
    6. Muhammad Jehanzaib & Sabab Ali Shah & Ji Eun Kim & Tae-Woong Kim, 2023. "Exploring spatio-temporal variation of drought characteristics and propagation under climate change using multi-model ensemble projections," Natural Hazards: Journal of the International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, Springer;International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, vol. 115(3), pages 2483-2503, February.
    7. Alana M. Weir & Thomas M. Wilson & Mark S. Bebbington & Sarah Beaven & Teresa Gordon & Craig Campbell-Smart & Stuart Mead & James H. Williams & Roger Fairclough, 2024. "Approaching the challenge of multi-phase, multi-hazard volcanic impact assessment through the lens of systemic risk: application to Taranaki Mounga," Natural Hazards: Journal of the International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, Springer;International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, vol. 120(10), pages 9327-9360, August.
    8. Daniel Thompson & Gianluca Pescaroli, 2024. "Financing electricity resilience in local communities: a review of the literature," Environment Systems and Decisions, Springer, vol. 44(3), pages 740-762, September.
    9. Heidenstrøm, Nina & Throne-Holst, Harald, 2020. "“Someone will take care of it”. Households' understanding of their responsibility to prepare for and cope with electricity and ICT infrastructure breakdowns," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 144(C).
    10. Liu, Zhongxian & Qiu, Rangjian & Zhang, Qi, 2025. "Differences in effects of varying compound extreme temperature and precipitation events on summer maize yield in North China," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 307(C).
    11. Jennifer Helgeson & Cheyney O’Fallon, 2021. "Resilience Dividends and Resilience Windfalls: Narratives That Tie Disaster Resilience Co-Benefits to Long-Term Sustainability," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(8), pages 1-27, April.
    12. Nicola Favretto & Lindsay C. Stringer, 2024. "Climate resilient development in vulnerable geographies," Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, Springer, vol. 29(8), pages 1-32, December.
    13. Emanuele Bevacqua & Laura Suarez-Gutierrez & Aglaé Jézéquel & Flavio Lehner & Mathieu Vrac & Pascal Yiou & Jakob Zscheischler, 2023. "Advancing research on compound weather and climate events via large ensemble model simulations," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 14(1), pages 1-16, December.
    14. Xiangyang Zhang & Huiliang Wang & Zhilei Yu & Dengming Yan & Ruxue Liu & Simin Liu & Yujia Zhu & Yifan Chen & Zening Wu, 2025. "Study on the Probability of Meteorological-to-Hydrological Drought Propagation Based on a Bayesian Network," Land, MDPI, vol. 14(3), pages 1-24, February.
    15. Alessandra Longo & Chiara Semenzin & Linda Zardo, 2025. "Multi-Hazards and Existing Data: A Transboundary Assessment for Climate Planning," Land, MDPI, vol. 14(3), pages 1-28, March.
    16. Ismail, Sharif A. & Tomoaia-Cotisel, Andrada & Noubani, Aya & Fouad, Fouad M. & Trogrlić, Robert Šakić & Bell, Sadie & Blanchet, Karl & Borghi, Josephine, 2024. "Identifying vulnerabilities in essential health services: Analysing the effects of system shocks on childhood vaccination delivery in Lebanon," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 358(C).
    17. Daniel Thompson & Gianluca Pescaroli & Maham Furqan, 2024. "System and sub-system energy resilience during public safety power shutoffs (PSPS) in California -- An evidence-based argument," Papers 2412.13413, arXiv.org.
    18. Hector Pollitt & Migle Petrauskaite, 2024. "The Potential Cascading Impacts of Climate Change in Cambodia," Policy Research Working Paper Series 10983, The World Bank.
    19. Venturini, Alessio, 2022. "Climate change, risk factors and stock returns: A review of the literature," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 79(C).
    20. Christian Huggel & Laurens M. Bouwer & Sirkku Juhola & Reinhard Mechler & Veruska Muccione & Ben Orlove & Ivo Wallimann-Helmer, 2022. "The existential risk space of climate change," Climatic Change, Springer, vol. 174(1), pages 1-20, September.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:17:y:2025:i:14:p:6569-:d:1704705. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.