The Hydrochemical Characteristics Evolution and Driving Factors of Shallow Groundwater in Luxi Plain

As China’s primary grain-producing area, the Luxi Plain is rich in groundwater resources, which serves as the main water supply source in this region. Investigating the evolution of hydrochemical characteristics and influencing factors of groundwater in this region is crucial for maintaining the safety of groundwater quality and ensuring the high-quality development of the water supply. This study took Liaocheng City in the hinterland of the Luxi Plain as the study area. To clarify the hydrochemical characteristics evolution trend of groundwater in the area, the hydrochemical characteristics of shallow groundwater in recent years were systematically analyzed. The methods of ion ratio, correlation analysis, Gibbs and Gaillardet endmember diagrams, as well as the application of the absolute principal component scores–multiple linear regression (APCS-MLR) receptor model were used to determine the contribution rates of different ion sources to groundwater and to elucidate the driving factors behind the evolution of groundwater chemistry. Results showed significant spatiotemporal variations in the concentrations of major ions such as Na + , SO 4 2− , and Cl − in groundwater in the study area, and these variations demonstrated an overall increasing trend. Notably, the increases in total hardness (THRD), SO 4 − , and Cl − concentrations were particularly pronounced, while the variations in Na + , Mg 2+ , Ca 2+ and other ions were relatively gradual. APCS-MLR receptor model analysis revealed that the ions such as Na + , Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , SO 4 2− , Cl − , HCO 3 − and NO 3 − all have a significant influence on the hydrochemical composition of groundwater due to the high absolute principal component scores of them. The hydrochemical characteristics of groundwater in the study area were controlled by multiple processes, including evaporites, silicates and carbonates weathering, evaporation-concentration, cation alternating adsorption and human activities. Among the natural driving factors, rock weathering had a greater influence on the evolution of groundwater hydrochemical characteristics. Moreover, mining activities were the most important anthropogenic factor, followed by agricultural activities and living activities.