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Forest Industrial Waste Materials Upgraded to Fertilizer Pellets for Forest Soil

Author

Listed:
  • Maria Sandberg

    (Environmental and Energy Systems, Department of Engineering and Chemical Science, Karlstad University, SE-651 88 Karlstad, Sweden)

  • Stefan Frodeson

    (Environmental and Energy Systems, Department of Engineering and Chemical Science, Karlstad University, SE-651 88 Karlstad, Sweden)

  • Lena Brunzell

    (Environmental and Energy Systems, Department of Engineering and Chemical Science, Karlstad University, SE-651 88 Karlstad, Sweden)

  • Jaya Shankar Tumuluru

    (Southwestern Cotton Ginning Research Laboratory, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, 300 College Drive, Las Cruces, NM 88001, USA)

Abstract

In a circular economy, the efficient utilization of all materials as valuable resources, with a focus on minimizing waste, is paramount. This study shows the possibilities of upgrading the lowest-valued residuals from the forest industry into a new product with both liming and fertilizing properties on forest soil. Hydrothermal carbonized sludge mixed with bark and ash in the proportions of 45:10:45 was densified into fertilizer pellets that meet the nutrient requirements of 120 kg N per hectare when 7 tons of pellets is spread in forests. The pellets met a high-quality result according to durability and density, which were above 95% and 900 kg/m 3 . However, pellets exposed to wet and cold conditions lost their hardness, making the pellets dissolve over time. Small amounts, <5‰, of nutrients, alkali ions, and heavy metals leached out from the pellets under all conditions, indicating good properties for forest soil amendment. The conclusion is that it is possible to close the circle of nutrients by using innovative thinking around forest industrial residual products.

Suggested Citation

  • Maria Sandberg & Stefan Frodeson & Lena Brunzell & Jaya Shankar Tumuluru, 2024. "Forest Industrial Waste Materials Upgraded to Fertilizer Pellets for Forest Soil," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(7), pages 1-19, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:16:y:2024:i:7:p:2868-:d:1366679
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