Assessment of Management Practices to Prevent Soil Degradation Threats on Lithuanian Acid Soils

An assessment of soil characteristics pertaining to their suitability for agricultural use in general is necessary to reverse the declining trend of soil quality and to ensure sustainable agriculture. The aim of this study was to determine the soil resistance (SRI) and degradation indices (SDI) under different agrotechniques and to find out whether management-induced changes are large enough to reduce soil degradation. The study was based on the comparison of physicochemical data of 3 long-term experiments conducted in the western part of Lithuania. Changes in soil properties over the past 20 years (1999–2019) have been determined. The most commonly used measures in Lithuania, such as soil liming, manuring, residue maintenance, and tillage, were selected for the analysis. The analysis carried out showed that the soil, which was fertilized with manure, had a higher value of soil quality parameters compared to natural Retisol: organic matter (by 0.53 percentage points), total nitrogen (by 0.04 percentage points), and the available amounts of phosphorus (by 69 mg/kg) and potassium (by 6.6 mg/kg). The assessment of the relative annual change in SOC content revealed that long-term soil manuring has significant SOC sequestration capability. Among the soil management techniques examined, it appeared that the greatest relative annual change (0.47 g kg −1 yr −1 ) in SOC content was noted in manured soil. The results indicate that the higher degradation, and resistance values were observed in acid soil (pH 4.2), where liming was applied, indicating greater sensitivity to degradation. Based on analyzed indices, the agricultural practices ranked as: manuring > residue management > reduced tillage > liming. The lowest SRI values were obtained for low level of nutrients (from −0.11 to 0.89), organic carbon (from −0.72 to −0.49), and pH (from −0.25 to –0.1), indicating that these properties are more sensitive to applied agricultural practices compared to others. All these findings provide information for promoting better soil management, soil protection, land use planning, and the planning of remedial measures, especially in the most afflicted areas.