Analysis of the Spatiotemporal Evolution and Driving Mechanisms of Impervious Surfaces along the Jiaozhou Bay (China) Coast over the Past Four Decades

Impervious surfaces serve as critical indicators for monitoring urbanization processes and assessing urban ecological conditions. The precise extraction and analysis of the spatiotemporal variations in impervious surfaces are essential for informing urban planning strategies. The unique location advantage of Jiaozhou Bay makes it an important urban gathering area. Based on Landsat remote sensing image data, the extraction effect and accuracy of urban built-up area index, biophysical index, and random forest classification were compared and analyzed. Then, the optimal random forest method was used to extract impervious water information from 8 Landsat satellite images of the coastal area of Jiaozhou Bay from 1986 to 2022. Over the past four decades, the impervious surface area in the Jiaozhou Bay coastal region has expanded dramatically from 71.53 km 2 in 1986 to 1049.16 km 2 in 2022, with the most significant increase, nearly doubling, occurring between 2011 and 2017. Spatially, the distribution of impervious surfaces has expanded progressively from coastal to inland areas and from central to peripheral zones, particularly toward the southwest in Huangdao District and Jiaozhou City. The distribution of impervious surfaces in the Jiaozhou Bay coastal area is primarily confined to flat and gently sloping nearshore regions due to natural constraints like terrain slope. Concurrently, policy initiatives, along with population and economic growth, have catalyzed the rapid expansion of these surfaces. These insights are invaluable for comprehending the urban spatiotemporal dynamics and patterns along the Jiaozhou Bay coast and offer fresh perspectives for research into urban transformations and the sustainable development of ecological environments in other coastal regions.