Spatio-Temporal Variability of Soil Properties and Nutrient Uptake for Sustainable Intensification of Rainfed Pigeon Pea ( Cajanus cajana ) in Semi-Arid Tropics of India

A study was conducted at Kalamandari Tanda-1 micro-watershed, Karnataka, India, to assess the spatio-temporal variability of surface soil properties sampled from 23 varied soil-phase units, delineated using IRS P6 LISS-IV merged Cartosat-I imagery (2.5 m spatial resolution). Three sets of surface soil samples (231 in each set) were collected, analyzed, and interpolated to evaluate the soil spatio-temporal variability. Further soil-phase-wise composite representative samples (23 in each set) were collected before the sowing and after the harvest of pigeon peasin January 2019 and 2020. Results showed that the soil OC with N, Mg with Ca, exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP), and cation exchange capacity (CEC) with Mn and K 2 O have a significantly positive association ( p < 0.01) during both years. Similarly, a significantly positive association ( p < 0.05) was observed among soil OC and N with Cu, Mn with CEC, and Zn with Fe, while a negative association was seen between available P 2 O 5 and Na. Skewness from descriptive statistics revealed that pH, EC, Cu, Mg, B, and ESP distribution varied temporally, whereas other parameters remained almost unchanged. Geo-statistically, the spatial distribution of measured soil properties was best fitted to exponential, stable, and K-Bessel models. The available N in 2018 and the ESP in 2019 have shown weak spatial dependency, whereas the rest of the soil parameters showed moderate and strong spatial dependency. These interpolated maps were exported as vector layers to quantify soil-phase-wise spatio-temporal variability of soil properties.