Simple Alkali-Modified Persimmon Peel–Montmorillonite Composite Hydrochar for Rapid and Efficient Removal of Methylene Blue

Modified persimmon peel–montmorillonite composites (PMHC-KOH/NaHCO 3 ) for efficient and rapid removal of methylene blue (MB) were synthesized using hydrothermal carbonization and simple alkali impregnation. The surface properties and material compositions of the hydrochars were determined with SEM, zeta potential, and XRD, and the adsorption mechanism of MB on two modified hydrochars was analyzed with FTIR, XPS, and DFT calculation. The results showed that modified hydrochars with a rough surface structure and rich oxygen-containing groups exhibited a strong affinity for MB, and the adsorption capacity of PMHC-NaHCO 3 and PMHC-KOH for MB reached 121.28 mg/g and 278.41 mg/g, respectively, with PMHC-KOH achieving more rapid adsorption of MB, at a rate of 0.043 g/mg/min. After five adsorption/desorption cycles, the two modified hydrochars still maintained a high adsorption rate of MB (92.32%/98.43%). The excellent adsorption performance of the modified hydrochars was attributed to hydrogen bonding, π-π interaction, electrostatic attraction, and ion exchange. DFT calculations revealed that oxygen-containing groups of the modified hydrochars played an important role in the adsorption of MB and confirmed that electrostatic attraction, hydrogen bonding, and π-π interactions were the key forces for rapid and efficient adsorption of MB. The prepared adsorbents gave full play to the regenerative applicability of agricultural waste, the simple alkali impregnation method eliminated the need for the additional cost of pyrolysis and activation, and their application in MB adsorption realized the treatment of waste with waste.