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Potential Use of Water Treatment Sludge as Partial Replacement for Clay in Eco-Friendly Fired Clay Bricks

Author

Listed:
  • Masoud Ahmadi

    (Department of Civil Engineering, Ayatollah Boroujerdi University, Boroujerd 6919969737, Iran)

  • Babak Hakimi

    (Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran 14115397, Iran)

  • Ahmadreza Mazaheri

    (Department of Civil Engineering, Ayatollah Boroujerdi University, Boroujerd 6919969737, Iran)

  • Mahdi Kioumarsi

    (Department of Built Environment, OsloMet-Oslo Metropolitan University, Pilestredet 35, 0166 Oslo, Norway)

Abstract

The traditional production process of clay bricks involves the extraction of significant amounts of raw materials and consumes considerable energy, leading to anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and environmental degradation. Using environmentally friendly materials in the construction industry has become an attractive alternative for mitigating sustainability issues. One such alternative is incorporating waste materials, such as water treatment sludge (WTS), into clay brick production. This research aims to assess the viability of using WTS as a replacement for conventional clay in fired clay brick production, thereby mitigating environmental pollution. Five distinct mixtures were created, with WTS replacing clay at 0, 20, 40, 60, and 80% ratios. The mechanical properties and durability of the produced bricks were analyzed through various tests, such as Atterberg limits, optimum water content, unconfined compression, apparent porosity, compressive strength, flexural strength, density, water absorption, and efflorescence. The results demonstrated that as WTS content increased, Atterberg limits and apparent porosity increased. The bulk density, compressive strength, and bending capacity of the specimens were found to decrease as the WTS replacement ratio increased. Additionally, moderate efflorescence was observed in samples with higher sludge ratios.

Suggested Citation

  • Masoud Ahmadi & Babak Hakimi & Ahmadreza Mazaheri & Mahdi Kioumarsi, 2023. "Potential Use of Water Treatment Sludge as Partial Replacement for Clay in Eco-Friendly Fired Clay Bricks," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(12), pages 1-13, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:15:y:2023:i:12:p:9389-:d:1168484
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Faisal Amin & Safeer Abbas & Wasim Abbass & Abdelatif Salmi & Ali Ahmed & Danish Saeed & Muhammad Sufian & Mohamed Mahmoud Sayed, 2022. "Potential Use of Wastewater Treatment Plant Sludge in Fabrication of Burnt Clay Bricks," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(11), pages 1-16, May.
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    Cited by:

    1. Zahir Azimi & Vahab Toufigh, 2023. "Influence of Blast Furnace Slag on Pore Structure and Transport Characteristics in Low-Calcium Fly-Ash-Based Geopolymer Concrete," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(18), pages 1-19, September.

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