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Mineral Composition and Environmental Importance of Fe–Mn Nodules in Soils in Karst Areas of Guangxi, China

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  • Wenbing Ji

    (Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing 210042, China
    State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Management and Pollution Control, Nanjing 210042, China
    School of Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

  • Yuanyuan Lu

    (Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing 210042, China
    State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Management and Pollution Control, Nanjing 210042, China
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

  • Caiyi Zhao

    (Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing 210042, China
    State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Management and Pollution Control, Nanjing 210042, China)

  • Xiaoyu Zhang

    (Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing 210042, China
    State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Management and Pollution Control, Nanjing 210042, China)

  • Heng Wang

    (Hefei East New Center Construction Management Office, Hefei 230071, China)

  • Zhewei Hu

    (Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing 210042, China
    State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Management and Pollution Control, Nanjing 210042, China)

  • Tao Yu

    (School of Science, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China)

  • Yubo Wen

    (School of Geographical Science, Nantong University, Nantong 226000, China)

  • Rongrong Ying

    (Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing 210042, China
    State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Management and Pollution Control, Nanjing 210042, China)

  • Zhongfang Yang

    (School of Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China)

Abstract

The mineral composition of Fe–Mn nodules (FMNs) is closely related to the environment in which FMNs are formed. The formation mechanism of FMNs has consistently been one of the major topics in related research. In this study, the mineral composition of FMNs in soils derived from carbonate rocks in typical karst areas with high geochemical background in Guangxi, Southwest China, was investigated. The results showed that Fe 2 O 3 (30.06%), SiO 2 (19.72%), Al 2 O 3 (17.93%), TiO 2 (0.96%), P 2 O 5 (0.78%), and MnO 2 (0.64%) were the main elemental composition, while four alkaline oxides K 2 O, Na 2 O, CaO, and MgO were less than 0.5% in soil FMNs. In addition, 10 mineral types were identified in soil FMNs in the study area, namely quartz, goethite, clinochlore, illite, kaolinite, boehmite, albite, microcline, lithiophorite, and hematite. There were no obvious differences in the mineral composition of soil FMNs in the study area compared with those observed in non-karst areas worldwide. The formation process of FMNs can be determined based on the surrounding environment that affects the soil mineral composition. The results suggested a relatively complex formation mechanism of soil FMNs. Moreover, both primary and secondary minerals were found in soil FMNs. However, some minerals can exist stably under normal redox conditions, while the other part of minerals can be easily weathered and dissolved, indicating a relatively high formation rate of soil FMNs and a relatively stable internal environment.

Suggested Citation

  • Wenbing Ji & Yuanyuan Lu & Caiyi Zhao & Xiaoyu Zhang & Heng Wang & Zhewei Hu & Tao Yu & Yubo Wen & Rongrong Ying & Zhongfang Yang, 2022. "Mineral Composition and Environmental Importance of Fe–Mn Nodules in Soils in Karst Areas of Guangxi, China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(19), pages 1-10, September.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:14:y:2022:i:19:p:12457-:d:930053
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