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Novel Combined Load Frequency Control and Automatic Voltage Regulation of a 100% Sustainable Energy Interconnected Microgrids

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  • Hady H. Fayek

    (Faculty of Engineering, Heliopolis University, Cairo 11785, Egypt)

  • Eugen Rusu

    (Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, ‘Dunarea de Jos’ University of Galati, 47 Domneasca Street, 800008 Galati, Romania)

Abstract

Frequency and voltage deviations are two main problems in microgrids, especially with the increase in the penetration level of renewable energies. This paper presents novel techniques to apply combined the load frequency control and automatic voltage regulation of two interconnected microgrids. The two microgrids are operated by solar energy and bioenergy technologies and include energy-storage facilities. The control is applied using a novel accelerating PID controller (PIDA), which is compared to state-of-the-art control schemes. The controllers are designed using a new doctor and patient optimization technique (DPO), which is compared to state-of-the-art techniques. The combined design of load frequency controllers and automatic voltage regulators is also compared to a standalone design. The comparisons are carried out by testing the system performance at each operation condition in addition to indicators such as integral absolute error for frequency and voltage and integral time absolute error for frequency and voltage. The results show that a combined DPO–PIDA design of LFC–AVR schemes for fully sustainable microgrids has better performance than other standalone designs and other control and optimization alternatives.

Suggested Citation

  • Hady H. Fayek & Eugen Rusu, 2022. "Novel Combined Load Frequency Control and Automatic Voltage Regulation of a 100% Sustainable Energy Interconnected Microgrids," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(15), pages 1-16, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:14:y:2022:i:15:p:9428-:d:877772
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Hady H. Fayek & Panos Kotsampopoulos, 2021. "Central Tunicate Swarm NFOPID-Based Load Frequency Control of the Egyptian Power System Considering New Uncontrolled Wind and Photovoltaic Farms," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(12), pages 1-19, June.
    2. Mihailo Micev & Martin Ćalasan & Diego Oliva, 2020. "Fractional Order PID Controller Design for an AVR System Using Chaotic Yellow Saddle Goatfish Algorithm," Mathematics, MDPI, vol. 8(7), pages 1-22, July.
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    Cited by:

    1. Ramesh Kumar Arunachalam & Kumar Chandrasekaran & Eugen Rusu & Nagananthini Ravichandran & Hady H. Fayek, 2023. "Economic Feasibility of a Hybrid Microgrid System for a Distributed Substation," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(4), pages 1-17, February.
    2. Tayyab Ali & Suheel Abdullah Malik & Ibrahim A. Hameed & Amil Daraz & Hana Mujlid & Ahmad Taher Azar, 2022. "Load Frequency Control and Automatic Voltage Regulation in a Multi-Area Interconnected Power System Using Nature-Inspired Computation-Based Control Methodology," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(19), pages 1-30, September.
    3. Othman A. M. Omar & Mostafa I. Marei & Mahmoud A. Attia, 2023. "Comparative Study of AVR Control Systems Considering a Novel Optimized PID-Based Model Reference Fractional Adaptive Controller," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(2), pages 1-19, January.
    4. Tayyab Ali & Suheel Abdullah Malik & Amil Daraz & Sheraz Aslam & Tamim Alkhalifah, 2022. "Dandelion Optimizer-Based Combined Automatic Voltage Regulation and Load Frequency Control in a Multi-Area, Multi-Source Interconnected Power System with Nonlinearities," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(22), pages 1-34, November.

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