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On the Properties Evolution of Eco-Material Dedicated to Manufacturing Artificial Reef via 3D Printing: Long-Term Interactions of Cementitious Materials in the Marine Environment

Author

Listed:
  • Fouad Boukhelf

    (Laboratoire de Recherche ESITC Caen, Communauté de la Normandie Université, 1 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 14610 Epron, France)

  • Nassim Sebaibi

    (Laboratoire de Recherche ESITC Caen, Communauté de la Normandie Université, 1 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 14610 Epron, France)

  • Mohamed Boutouil

    (Laboratoire de Recherche ESITC Caen, Communauté de la Normandie Université, 1 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 14610 Epron, France)

  • Adrian I. Yoris-Nobile

    (Grupo GITECO, Universidad de Cantabria, 39005 Santander, Spain)

  • Elena Blanco-Fernandez

    (Grupo GITECO, Universidad de Cantabria, 39005 Santander, Spain)

  • Daniel Castro-Fresno

    (Grupo GITECO, Universidad de Cantabria, 39005 Santander, Spain)

  • Carlos Real-Gutierrez

    (Grupo GITECO, Universidad de Cantabria, 39005 Santander, Spain)

  • Roger J. H. Herbert

    (Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Bournemouth University, Talbot Campus, Fern Barrow, Poole BH12 5BB, UK)

  • Sam Greenhill

    (Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Bournemouth University, Talbot Campus, Fern Barrow, Poole BH12 5BB, UK)

  • Bianca Reis

    (Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4150-181 Porto, Portugal
    CIIMAR—Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal)

  • João N. Franco

    (Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4150-181 Porto, Portugal
    CIIMAR—Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
    MARE—Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Escola Superior de Turismo e Tecnologia do Mar , Politécnico de Leiria, 2520-620 Peniche, Portugal)

  • Maria Teresa Borges

    (Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4150-181 Porto, Portugal
    CIIMAR—Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal)

  • Isabel Sousa-Pinto

    (Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4150-181 Porto, Portugal
    CIIMAR—Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal)

  • Pieter van der Linden

    (Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4150-181 Porto, Portugal
    CIIMAR—Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal)

  • Oscar Babé Gómez

    (Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4150-181 Porto, Portugal
    CIIMAR—Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal)

  • Hugo Sainz Meyer

    (Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4150-181 Porto, Portugal
    CIIMAR—Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal)

  • Emanuel Almada

    (Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4150-181 Porto, Portugal
    CIIMAR—Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
    MARE—Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Quinta do Lorde Marina, Sítio da Piedade, 9200-044 Madeira, Portugal)

  • Rick Stafford

    (Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Bournemouth University, Talbot Campus, Fern Barrow, Poole BH12 5BB, UK)

  • Valentin Danet

    (Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Station Marine de Dinard, CRESCO, 35800 Dinard, France)

  • Jorge Lobo-Arteaga

    (Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera, I.P., Divisão de Oceanografia e Ambiente Marinho, Rua Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho 6, 1495-006 Lisboa, Portugal
    MARE—Centro de Ciências do Mar e do Ambiente, Campus de Caparica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal)

  • Miriam Tuaty-Guerra

    (CIIMAR—Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
    Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera, I.P., Divisão de Oceanografia e Ambiente Marinho, Rua Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho 6, 1495-006 Lisboa, Portugal)

  • Alice E. Hall

    (School of Biological and Marine Sciences, Marine Institute, Plymouth University, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK)

Abstract

This paper deals with the evolution monitoring of biomass colonization and mechanical properties of 3D printed eco-materials/mortars immersed in the sea. Measurements of tensile strength, compressive strength, and Young’s modulus were determined on samples deployed along the Atlantic coast of Europe, in France, United Kingdom, Spain, and Portugal. The samples were manufactured using 3D printing, where six mix designs with a low environmental impact binder were used. These mortars were based on geopolymer and cementitious binders (Cement CEM III), in which sand is replaced by three types of recycled sand, including glass, seashell, and limestone by 30%, 50%, and 100% respectively. The colonization of concrete samples by micro/macro-organisms and their durability were also evaluated after 1, 3, 6, 12, and 24 months of immersion. The results showed that both biomass colonization and mechanical properties were better with CEM III compared to geopolymer-based compositions. Therefore, the mixed design optimized according to mechanical properties show that the use of CEM III should be preferred over these geopolymer binders in 3D printed concrete for artificial reef applications.

Suggested Citation

  • Fouad Boukhelf & Nassim Sebaibi & Mohamed Boutouil & Adrian I. Yoris-Nobile & Elena Blanco-Fernandez & Daniel Castro-Fresno & Carlos Real-Gutierrez & Roger J. H. Herbert & Sam Greenhill & Bianca Reis , 2022. "On the Properties Evolution of Eco-Material Dedicated to Manufacturing Artificial Reef via 3D Printing: Long-Term Interactions of Cementitious Materials in the Marine Environment," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(15), pages 1-14, July.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:14:y:2022:i:15:p:9353-:d:876245
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