Modeling Exchange Rate Volatility in India in Relation to COVID-19 and Lockdown Stringency: A Wavelet Coherence and Quantile Causality Approach

The COVID-19 pandemic and the implementation of strict lockdown measures have significantly impacted various dimensions of the global economy. This study examines the impact of COVID-19 and lockdown stringency on exchange rate volatility in India using three core variables, i.e., COVID-19 cases, the lockdown stringency index, and exchange rate volatility. To achieve the above objectives, we have employed advanced econometric techniques, such as wavelet coherence and a hybrid non-parametric quantile causality framework, on the dataset spanning from 30 December 2020 to 24 January 2022. Robustness is assessed using Troster–Granger causality in quantiles and Breitung–Candelon Spectral Causality tests. The wavelet coherence analysis indicates that the initial outbreak of COVID-19 increased the exchange rate volatility, while the enforcement of stringent lockdowns in the later phases helped reduce this volatility. Similarly, the hybrid quantile causality results indicate that both COVID-19 cases and lockdown measures possess predictive power over exchange rate fluctuations. The robustness checks confirm these findings and establish a causal relationship between the pandemic, policy responses, and currency market behaviour. This study helps clarify the complex, nonlinear dynamics between pandemic-related variables and exchange rate volatility in emerging markets. Based on the aforementioned result, it is recommended that policymakers implement targeted lockdown strategies coupled with timely monetary interventions (such as foreign exchange reserve management or interest rate adjustments) to mitigate volatility and maintain currency stability during future pandemic-induced shocks.