A Generalized Linear Model and Machine Learning Approach for Predicting the Frequency and Severity of Cargo Insurance in Thailand’s Border Trade Context

The study compares model approaches in predictive modeling for claim frequency and severity within the cross-border cargo insurance domain. The aim is to identify the optimal model approach between generalized linear models (GLMs) and advanced machine learning techniques. Evaluations focus on mean absolute error (MAE) and root mean squared error (RMSE) metrics to comprehensively assess predictive performance. For frequency prediction, extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) demonstrates the lowest MAE, indicating higher accuracy compared to gradient boosting machines (GBMs) and a generalized linear model (Poisson). Despite XGBoost’s lower MAE, it shows higher RMSE values, suggesting a broader error spread and larger magnitudes compared to gradient boosting machines (GBMs) and a generalized linear model (Poisson). Conversely, the generalized linear model (Poisson) showcases the best RMSE values, indicating tighter clustering and smaller error magnitudes, despite a slightly higher MAE. For severity prediction, extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) displays the lowest MAE, implying better accuracy. However, it exhibits a higher RMSE, indicating wider error dispersion compared to a generalized linear model (Gamma). In contrast, a generalized linear model (Gamma) demonstrates the lowest RMSE, portraying tighter clustering and smaller error magnitudes despite a higher MAE. In conclusion, extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) stands out in mean absolute error (MAE) for both frequency and severity prediction, showcasing superior accuracy. However, a generalized linear model (Gamma) offers a balance between accuracy and error magnitude, and its performance outperforms extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) and gradient boosting machines (GBMs) in terms of RMSE metrics, with a slightly higher MAE. These findings empower insurance companies to enhance risk assessment processes, set suitable premiums, manage reserves, and accurately forecast claim occurrences, contributing to competitive pricing for clients while ensuring profitability. For cross-border trade entities, such as trucking companies and cargo owners, these insights aid in improved risk management and potential cost savings by enabling more reasonable insurance premiums based on accurate predictive claims from insurance companies.