Photon Entanglement, Bell Inequality Violation, and Energy Interpretation of the Born Rule in Maxwell–Schwartz Field Theory

In this paper we study photon entanglement in the framework of Maxwell–Schwartz field theory. The ambient state space is the complex Maxwellian distribution space W = S ′ ( M 4 , C 3 ) , whose elements are fields of the form F = E → + i c B → . Polarization is realized as a two-dimensional complex subspace of W , generated by suitable linearly polarized Maxwellian solutions associated with opposite propagation directions. This yields canonical polarization sectors P A and P B , each naturally isomorphic to C 2 . Within this setting, the Bell singlet state is represented by a non-factorizable tensorial Maxwellian field in P A ⊗ P B ⊂ W ⊗ W . By means of the induced rotated polarization bases, the standard joint probabilities of the photon polarization experiment are recovered exactly, and the correlation law E ( a , b ) = − cos ( 2 ( a − b ) ) is obtained. Consequently, the usual CHSH value 2 2 is reproduced in the Maxwell–Schwartz framework. To clarify the meaning of this violation, we first formulate the CHSH inequality in a purely measure-theoretic form, as a theorem about four correlators represented on a single probability space by bounded measurable functions. We then show that the correlators produced by the intrinsic Maxwellian Bell state do not admit such a common representation. The obstruction is structural: the ontic state is a global non-product field configuration, and the four correlations arise from different polarization resolutions of the same tensorial Maxwellian state. A second main result concerns the Born rule. For L 2 scalar quantum states in the domain of the Maxwellian correspondence, we prove that the squared Hilbert norm, times the constant ε 0 , coincides with the electromagnetic energy of the associated field. This leads to an energy interpretation of the Born rule: the Born probability density is identified with the normalized electromagnetic energy density up to an interference term depending on the chosen Maxwell–Schwartz isomorphism, which assumes the role of a quantum context. In the context of the Aspect and collaborators’ experiment, we prove that, on the other hand, the polarization probabilities become energy contributions of the corresponding field components. These results show that photon entanglement, Bell inequality violation, and the Born rule admit a coherent interpretation within Maxwell–Schwartz field theory, where the basic ontological objects are electromagnetic-like fields rather than abstract state vectors.