Interpretable Performance Prediction for Wet Scrubbers Using Multi-Gene Genetic Programming: An Application-Oriented Study

The removal efficiency of wet scrubbers is governed by complex nonlinear interactions among operating parameters such as liquid level, airflow velocity, and dust concentration, making accurate real-time prediction challenging, which in turn leads to operational instability, increased energy consumption, and excessive emissions. To address this bottleneck, we first introduce multi-gene genetic programming (MGGP) to develop interpretable models quantifying multi-parameter coupling and predicting removal efficiency for PM 1 , PM 2.5 , PM 10 , and TSP. Key input variables, including liquid level height, inlet airflow velocity, system pressure, and inlet dust concentration, were identified via correlation analysis. Explicit mathematical models were derived. Global sensitivity analysis using the elementary effect test (EET) identified inlet airflow velocity as most influential. Uncertainty quantification via quantile regression (QR) confirmed the model’s reliability with narrow prediction intervals and high coverage probabilities. MGGP offers a favorable balance of accuracy, generalization, and interpretability compared to extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) and multiple nonlinear regression (MNR). Its explicit form quantifies parameter interactions, enabling efficient on-site monitoring with low computational cost. This study provides an interpretable prediction tool for intelligent wet scrubber operation, supporting cleaner production and refined control in complex industrial processes.