Optical Mirage–Based Metaheuristic Optimization for Robust PEM Fuel Cell Parameter Estimation

The parameter extraction of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) has been an active area of study over the past few years, relying on metaheuristic optimizers and experimental datasets to achieve accurate current/voltage (I/V) curves. This work develops a mirage search optimizer (MSO) to precisely estimate the PEMFC model parameters. The MSO employs two search techniques based on the physical phenomena of light bending caused by atmospheric refractive index gradients: a superior mirage for global exploration and an inferior mirage for local exploitation. The MSO employs optical physics to direct search behavior, in contrast to conventional optimization approaches, allowing for a dynamic balance between exploration and exploitation. Convergence efficiency is increased by its iteration-dependent control and fitness-based influence. Using two common PEMFC modules, a comparison study with previously published methodologies and new, recently developed optimizers—the Educational Competition Optimizer (ECO), basketball team optimization (BTO), the fungal growth optimizer (FGO), and the naked mole rat optimizer (NMRO)—was conducted to evaluate the proposed MSO for parameter identification. Furthermore, the two models were tested under various temperatures and pressures. For the three examples studied, the MSO achieved the best sum of squared errors (SSE) values with an intriguing overall standard deviation (STD). It is undeniable that the STD and cropped SSE values, among other difficult techniques, are quite competitive and display the fastest convergence. According to the MSO, the BCS 500W, Ballard Mark V, and Modular SR-12 each have MSO values of 0.011697781, 0.852056, and 1.42098181379214 × 10 −4 , respectively. Additionally, the comparison results demonstrate that the proposed MSO can be successfully used to quickly and accurately define the PEMFC model.