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Renewable-Integrated Agent-Based Microgrid Model with Grid-Forming Support for Improved Frequency Regulation

Author

Listed:
  • Danyao Peng

    (Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea)

  • Sangyub Lee

    (Energy IT Convergence Research Center, Korea Electronics Technology Institute, Seongnam 13509, Republic of Korea)

  • Seonhan Choi

    (Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea)

Abstract

The increasing penetration of renewable energy presents substantial challenges to frequency stability, particularly in low-inertia microgrids. This study introduces an agent-based microgrid model that integrates generators, loads, an energy storage system (ESS), and renewable sources, mathematically formalized through the discrete-event system specification (DEVS) to ensure both structural clarity and extensibility. To dynamically simulate power system behavior, the model incorporates multiple control strategies—including ESS scheduling, automatic generation control (AGC), predictive AGC, and grid-forming (GFM) inverter control—each posed as an mathematically defined control problem. Simulations on the IEEE 13-bus system demonstrates that the coordinated operation of ESS, GFM, and the proposed strategies markedly enhances frequency stability, reducing frequency peaks by 1.14, 1.14, and 0.72 Hz, and shortening the average recovery time by 9.05, 0.15, and 2.58 min, respectively. Collectively, the model provides a systematic representation of grid behavior and frequency regulation mechanisms under high renewable penetration, and establishes a rigorous mathematical framework for advancing microgrid research.

Suggested Citation

  • Danyao Peng & Sangyub Lee & Seonhan Choi, 2025. "Renewable-Integrated Agent-Based Microgrid Model with Grid-Forming Support for Improved Frequency Regulation," Mathematics, MDPI, vol. 13(19), pages 1-32, October.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jmathe:v:13:y:2025:i:19:p:3142-:d:1762889
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Yu, Dongmin & Zhu, Haoming & Han, Wenqi & Holburn, Daniel, 2019. "Dynamic multi agent-based management and load frequency control of PV/Fuel cell/ wind turbine/ CHP in autonomous microgrid system," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 173(C), pages 554-568.
    2. Jiyu Song & Xinhang Zhou & Zhiquan Zhou & Yang Wang & Yifan Wang & Xutao Wang, 2023. "Review of Low Inertia in Power Systems Caused by High Proportion of Renewable Energy Grid Integration," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(16), pages 1-19, August.
    3. Sara Anttila & Jéssica S. Döhler & Janaína G. Oliveira & Cecilia Boström, 2022. "Grid Forming Inverters: A Review of the State of the Art of Key Elements for Microgrid Operation," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(15), pages 1-30, July.
    4. Yan, Ruifeng & Saha, Tapan Kumar & Modi, Nilesh & Masood, Nahid-Al & Mosadeghy, Mehdi, 2015. "The combined effects of high penetration of wind and PV on power system frequency response," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 145(C), pages 320-330.
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