Modal Distribution Diversification and Intermodal Transport Analysis in Europe: A Comprehensive Investigation of Freight Transport Patterns

Background : This study analyzes modal distribution patterns across Europe and 28 European countries, employing clustering analysis to identify trends in transport mode utilization. The research quantifies logistics diversification, examining extreme cases and addressing gaps in understanding modal transitions affecting environmental and economic performance. Methods : Statistical testing using compositional data transformations revealed significant differences between modal distributions ( p < 0.001), justifying country-specific and European-level assessments. K-means clustering was applied to identify groups of countries with similar modal distribution patterns. Results : Maritime and road transport constitute the predominant modes across all analyzed countries in the study period. Among terrestrial modes, road transport dominates universally, exhibiting systematic growth, while rail transport experienced a corresponding decline. This trend directly contradicts European sustainability objectives promoting modal shift toward environmentally superior alternatives. Romania demonstrates the highest logistics diversification with the most balanced modal distribution, while Portugal exhibits the lowest diversification due to maritime transport dominance. K-means clustering positioned Portugal within a maritime-dominated group alongside Greece, Cyprus, and Ireland, reflecting similar geographical constraints and distribution patterns. Conclusions : The findings reveal critical aspects requiring further investigation concerning European modal distribution trends that challenge current policy effectiveness, highlighting the divergence between observed transport patterns and stated sustainability goals. These results provide essential insights for addressing persistent modal shift challenges in European transport systems.