Who Tracks What, and How Deep? Granular Traceability in Multi-Firm Supply Chains via Blockchain-Based Tokenization

Background : Traceability has gained significant importance in supply chain (SC) networks, especially driven by the growing need for transparency, regulatory compliance and consumer assurance. Although blockchain technology addresses several traditional traceability challenges, granularity, interoperability and integration with existing Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems remain open problems. Methods : In this paper, we propose an integrated blockchain-enabled framework aimed at granular traceability in SC networks. The proposed framework supports the tokenization of the Bill of Materials (BoM) and introduces append-only versioned tokens that capture state evolution across SC stages. Security and privacy are managed through a baseline Role-Based Access Control (RBAC) policy, while EPCIS GS1 event modeling supports standardized data exchange between ERP middleware and the blockchain layer. To examine its applicability, we implement a proof-of-concept prototype and apply the framework to an illustrative wheat SC scenario. Results : Finally, we provide a controlled performance and feasibility analysis based on a private Ethereum/Ganache environment. Conclusions : The results should be interpreted as proof-of-concept evidence of technical feasibility rather than as production-grade validation.