A Structured Framework for Circular Supplier Selection: A Hybrid Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Approach

Background : Circular supply chains (CSC) have emerged as a strategic response to sustainability challenges, while adoption remains uneven. Supplier selection is a key driver of effectiveness, shaped by organizational capabilities, institutional support, and leadership. This study develops a structured framework for circular supplier selection (CSS) using a hybrid multi-criteria decision-making approach, addressing fragmented research and strengthening the link between methodological innovation and practice. Methods : The proposed framework integrates fuzzy DEMATEL, the Best-Worst Method (BWM), and the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) within MCDM. Fuzzy DEMATEL identifies cause-and-effect relationships among criteria, distinguishing net causes from net effects. The most influential and dependent criteria serve as anchors for the BWM weighting, followed by AHP to evaluate sub-criteria and alternatives. Results : Environmental governance emerged as the most influential driver in the causal analysis, while circular performance received the highest weight in BWM. The final AHP evaluation ranked Alternative 5 as the most suitable, followed by A9 and A3, confirming the framework’s ability to deliver consistent, actionable insights for circular supplier selection. Conclusions : This integration enables a more granular and robust evaluation of supplier strategies within CSC, reinforcing their role in accelerating sustainability transitions. It establishes a structured framework for CSS, highlighting CSS performance and upstream supply chain decision-making.