Post-Disaster Planning, Compound Climate–Displacement Vulnerability, and Urban Resilience Governance in Lagos, Nigeria: A Systematic Review

Lagos, Nigeria (population c.18.3–25 million), occupies a position of compound exposure at the intersection of accelerating climate hazards, recurring displacement and urban fragility, and governance constraints that have amplified rather than mitigated disaster risk. Conventional single-hazard planning paradigms have been demonstrably insufficient to address the structural drivers of this vulnerability, which emerge from the interaction among biophysical exposure, colonial spatial legacies, post-independence governance deficits, and inequities within the global climate finance architecture. This article employs a structured, systematic literature review of 74 peer-reviewed, institutional and policy sources, conducted through a transparent three-stage protocol involving keyword-based Boolean searches of Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and the African Journals OnLine (AJOL) database, title–abstract screening, full-text eligibility assessment against pre-specified criteria, and thematic synthesis using a combined deductive–inductive coding framework, reported in accordance with the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Thematic analysis yields four principal findings: Lagos’s flood and displacement cycles are products of structurally produced vulnerability; compound climate–displacement dynamics are systematically underestimated by single-hazard frameworks; nature-based solutions, community-led upgrading, and participatory governance show measurable effectiveness under enabling governance conditions; and transformative resilience approaches are constrained by political economy and land tenure dynamics. An original Integrated Urban Resilience Framework (IURF) incorporating five pillars is proposed and conceptually benchmarked against twelve comparable Global South frameworks. Post-disaster urban futures in rapidly urbanising megacities require technically rigorous, politically grounded, and ecologically integrated planning frameworks. The IURF offers a replicable conceptual scaffold for cities facing compound climate–displacement risk, subject to future empirical testing. Potential applications of the framework for state planning agencies, multilateral and bilateral funders, community organisations, and comparable West African coastal cities are specified, and the limitations of the review are set out in full.