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Multi-Model Assessment of Key Ecosystem Services in Horqin Sandy Land: Spatio-Temporal Dynamics, Drivers and Trade-Offs/Synergies

Author

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  • Xinyu Guo

    (State Key Laboratory of Water Engineering Ecology and Environment in Arid Area, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
    The College of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
    Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Ecohydrology and High-Efficient Utilization of Water Resources, Hohhot 010018, China
    Horqin Sandy Land (Grassland) Eco-Hydrology Field Scientific Observation and Research Station of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Hohhot 010018, China)

  • Yongzhi Bao

    (State Key Laboratory of Water Engineering Ecology and Environment in Arid Area, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
    The College of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
    Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Ecohydrology and High-Efficient Utilization of Water Resources, Hohhot 010018, China
    Horqin Sandy Land (Grassland) Eco-Hydrology Field Scientific Observation and Research Station of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Hohhot 010018, China)

  • Tingxi Liu

    (State Key Laboratory of Water Engineering Ecology and Environment in Arid Area, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
    The College of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
    Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Ecohydrology and High-Efficient Utilization of Water Resources, Hohhot 010018, China
    Horqin Sandy Land (Grassland) Eco-Hydrology Field Scientific Observation and Research Station of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Hohhot 010018, China)

  • Lina Hao

    (State Key Laboratory of Water Engineering Ecology and Environment in Arid Area, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
    The College of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
    Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Ecohydrology and High-Efficient Utilization of Water Resources, Hohhot 010018, China
    Horqin Sandy Land (Grassland) Eco-Hydrology Field Scientific Observation and Research Station of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Hohhot 010018, China)

  • Limin Duan

    (State Key Laboratory of Water Engineering Ecology and Environment in Arid Area, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
    The College of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
    Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Ecohydrology and High-Efficient Utilization of Water Resources, Hohhot 010018, China
    Horqin Sandy Land (Grassland) Eco-Hydrology Field Scientific Observation and Research Station of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Hohhot 010018, China)

  • Shuo Lun

    (State Key Laboratory of Water Engineering Ecology and Environment in Arid Area, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
    The College of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
    Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Ecohydrology and High-Efficient Utilization of Water Resources, Hohhot 010018, China
    Horqin Sandy Land (Grassland) Eco-Hydrology Field Scientific Observation and Research Station of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Hohhot 010018, China)

  • Jiahao Sun

    (State Key Laboratory of Water Engineering Ecology and Environment in Arid Area, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
    The College of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
    Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Ecohydrology and High-Efficient Utilization of Water Resources, Hohhot 010018, China
    Horqin Sandy Land (Grassland) Eco-Hydrology Field Scientific Observation and Research Station of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Hohhot 010018, China)

  • V. P. Singh

    (Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering & Zachry Department of Civil Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA)

Abstract

The spatio-temporal dynamics of ecosystem services (ESs) are essential for ecological restoration and sustainable management in arid regions. Although ESs have been extensively studied in sandy landscapes, research on the multi-model evaluation of various ESs remains limited. This study assessed the spatio-temporal quantification and driving factors of, and interrelationships among, Net Primary Productivity (NPP), Habitat Quality (HQ), Carbon Stock (C), Water Yield (WY), and Soil Retention (SR) in the Horqin Sandy Land. This assessment utilized the InVEST model, the CASA model, geographic detectors, and Spearman correlation analysis. The results indicate the following: (1) From 2000 to 2024, land use transformation in the Horqin Sandy Land was characterized by a substantial reduction in fixed sand dunes (−1047 km 2 ) and a shift toward dryland and semi-fluid sand dunes, while semi-fixed sand dunes and forested areas expanded significantly. (2) NPP, HQ, and SR exhibited an overall increase with notable spatial improvement, whereas WY experienced a general decline. The changes in each service displayed marked differentiation in both time and space. (3) NDVI, land use and precipitation are the dominant factors of different services, and the explanatory power of the interaction among these factors is generally stronger, jointly driving the spatial pattern of ecosystem services. (4) The collaboration and trade-off relationships among services evolve dynamically over time. Among them, the transformation from trade-off to collaboration between C and WY is the most prominent, and the spatial distribution of various relationships shows significant regional heterogeneity. The research results provide a scientific basis for revealing the ecological restoration in arid areas.

Suggested Citation

  • Xinyu Guo & Yongzhi Bao & Tingxi Liu & Lina Hao & Limin Duan & Shuo Lun & Jiahao Sun & V. P. Singh, 2026. "Multi-Model Assessment of Key Ecosystem Services in Horqin Sandy Land: Spatio-Temporal Dynamics, Drivers and Trade-Offs/Synergies," Land, MDPI, vol. 15(2), pages 1-27, February.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jlands:v:15:y:2026:i:2:p:299-:d:1862049
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