Rangeland Conditions and Grazing Capacities on Livestock Farms During and After Drought in Three Biomes in South Africa

Climate change has intensified extreme weather events worldwide, such as droughts, which have severely affected South Africa’s rangelands by reducing productivity and increasing livestock mortality. This study aimed to investigate variability in grazing capacities and stocking rates with respect to land tenure, long-term grazing capacity norms, field surveys, and farmer perceptions during and post-drought conditions in the three biomes in South Africa. In-person interviews and field surveys were conducted with 85 farmers from the Grassland ( n = 25), Savanna ( n = 35), and Nama-Karoo ( n = 30) biomes and vegetation condition was surveyed during or after the drought. Grazing capacity did not differ significantly across land tenure systems in the Savanna biomes ( p > 0.05), but significant differences were found in the Grassland and Nama-Karoo biomes ( p < 0.05). Over > 60% of farmers in the Nama-Karoo biome rated their rangeland condition as poor because of the drought, and field surveys showed that grazing capacities were four times lower than the national recommended grazing capacity norm. Considering the high inter-annual variability in vegetation productivity and differences in farmers’ perceptions based on local knowledge, it is recommended that the Department of Agriculture adopt flexible grazing capacity ranges in the regulations of the Conservation of Agricultural Resource Act 43 of 1983.