Estimating Biomass in Eucalyptus globulus and Pinus pinaster Forests Using UAV-Based LiDAR in Central and Northern Portugal

Accurate biomass estimation is important for forest management and climate change mitigation. This study evaluates the potential of using LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) data, acquired through Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), for estimating above-ground and total biomass in Eucalyptus globulus and Pinus pinaster stands in central and northern Portugal. The acquired LiDAR point clouds were processed to extract structural metrics such as canopy height, crown area, canopy density, and volume. A multistep variable selection procedure was applied to reduce collinearity and select the most informative predictors. Multiple linear regression (MLR) models were developed and validated using field inventory data. Random Forest (RF) models were also tested for E. globulus , enabling a comparative evaluation between parametric and machine learning regression models. The results show that the 25th height percentile, canopy cover density at two meters, and height variance demonstrated an accurate biomass estimation for E. globulus , with coefficients of determination ( R 2 ) varying between 0.86 for MLR and 0.90 for RF. Although RF demonstrated a similar predictive performance, MLR presented advantages in terms of interpretability and computational efficiency. For P. pinaster , only MLR was applied due to the limited number of field data, yet R 2 exceeded 0.80. Although absolute errors were higher for Pinus pinaster due to greater biomass variability, relative performance remained consistent across species. The results demonstrate the feasibility and efficiency of UAV LiDAR point cloud data for stand-level biomass estimation, providing simple and effective models for biomass estimation in these two species.