Phosphate-Solubilizing Bacteria from Different Genera, Host Plants, and Climates: Influence of Soil pH on Plant Growth and Biochemistry

Phosphorus (P) is an essential element for plant growth, yet it is only available to plants in the form of orthophosphate. In most soils, P occurs predominantly in insoluble forms, such as calcium phosphates in alkaline soils and aluminum/iron phosphates in acidic soils, limiting plant uptake. Fertilization is commonly used to overcome this limitation; however, large fractions of applied P rapidly become unavailable. Phosphorus-solubilizing bacteria (PSB) are a sustainable alternative to enhance P availability. This study evaluated the P-solubilization capacity of bacterial strains belonging to different genera isolated from different host plants, soil types, and climates (mainland Portugal, Cape Verde, and Angola). Following initial screening, the most efficient strains were tested under greenhouse conditions in soils with pH 7 and 8. Strains exhibited diverse solubilization capacities, with highly efficient PSB (phosphate solubilization index ≥ 2) accounting for 5% of the total isolates, predominantly originating from the Namib Desert (Angola) and Southern Portugal, and mainly belonging to the genera Pseudomonas , Flavobacterium , Enterobacter , Chryseobacterium and Pantoea . At pH 7, most PSB promoted maize growth, with strain C11 increasing plant P content around 2-fold compared to the control. At pH 8, fewer strains were effective, but strains F and C11 enhanced shoot weight and M shoot length by 28%, 27%, and 10%, respectively. These findings highlight the potential of selected PSB strains as next-generation bioinoculants for sustainable agriculture. However, strain selection must consider geography, crop type, and management practices to ensure consistent efficacy, thereby supporting the broader application of PSB as a precision tool for improving food security.