Hazard Identification and Risk Prioritization Among Vendors and Visitors of a Traditional Wet Market in Padang, West Sumatra, Indonesia

Traditional wet markets are critical components of Indonesia’s urban food system, yet remain largely unexamined from an occupational health and safety (OHS) perspective. This study identified and prioritized OHS risks among vendors and visitors at Nanggalo Market, a high-density traditional market in Padang, West Sumatra. This was an exclusively qualitative, descriptive, non-probability (purposive) study; no actual occupational accidents, injuries, or exposure incidents were evaluated, and risk levels reflect participants’ perceptions together with researchers’ triangulated observations rather than objective incident records. An observational qualitative design combined elicitation surveys with 45 participants (20 vendors, 20 visitors, 5 market managers), direct observation, and in-depth interviews with 7 key informants. Risk assessment followed the AS/NZS 4360:2004 matrix, classifying risks by likelihood and consequence severity based on participant- and researcher-perceived evidence rather than recorded incident data. Ten potential hazards were identified across six activity zones: traffic and parking; buying and selling; culinary activities; building structures and floor conditions; security and stray animals; and emergency access. Seven risks were classified as high-level, including slipping on wet floors, lack of evacuation routes, lack of fire extinguishers, narrow circulation paths, poor toilet conditions, crowding, and traffic injuries, while three were moderate. All high-level risks lacked adequate controls. Recommended interventions span the full hierarchy of controls, prioritizing engineering and administrative measures, and propose community-based occupational health posts as a sustainable mechanism. These findings provide an evidence base for strengthening OHS governance in traditional wet markets across Indonesia and comparable low- and middle-income country settings.