Domestic Medical Waste Management: An Assessment of Knowledge and Disposal Practices in the City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality

The improper disposal of domestic medical waste (DMW) constitutes a significant public health and environmental concern; however, limited studies exist concerning DMW disposal practices in South Africa. This study evaluated the knowledge and practices involving the disposal of domestic medical waste (DMW) in the City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality. The study investigated common disposal methods, levels of awareness of appropriate techniques, and associated health risks. Data were collected using structured questionnaires (Annexure A) with closed-ended questions, administered both physically at shopping complexes and electronically via LinkedIn, WhatsApp, and email to eligible participants. Data analysis was conducted using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 29 and Microsoft Excel, with results presented in graphical form. Findings revealed that 78.3% of residents disposed of DMW in general waste bins, while 85.8% reported discarding medicine bottles in the same manner, and only 5.2% returned unused medications to pharmacies. The findings highlight gaps in awareness, infrastructure, and policy, necessitating comprehensive education programs, improved waste management services, and policy revisions to include DMW. A proposed model emphasizes education, community involvement, infrastructure enhancement, and ongoing policy evaluation to address these challenges. These efforts aim to reduce health risks, mitigate environmental impacts, and promote safe DMW disposal practices, safeguarding public health and creating a sustainable environment.