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The Nicotine Metabolite Ratio and Response to Smoking Cessation Treatment Among People Living with HIV Who Smoke in South Africa

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  • Chukwudi Keke

    (Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA)

  • Limakatso Lebina

    (Africa Health Research Institute, Somkhele, Myeki 3935, South Africa)

  • Katlego Motlhaoleng

    (Perinatal HIV Research Unit (PHRU), University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa)

  • Raymond Niaura

    (School of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA)

  • David Abrams

    (School of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA)

  • Ebrahim Variava

    (Klerksdorp Tshepong Hospital Complex, Matlosana 2574, South Africa)

  • Nikhil Gupte

    (Department of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA)

  • Jonathan E. Golub

    (Department of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA)

  • Neil A. Martinson

    (Perinatal HIV Research Unit (PHRU), University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa
    Johns Hopkins University Center for TB Research, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA)

  • Jessica L. Elf

    (Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA)

Abstract

The nicotine metabolite ratio (NMR) has been informative in selecting treatment choices for nicotine dependence and increasing treatment efficacy in Western settings; however, the clinical utility of the NMR among smokers in low-resource settings remains unclear. Prospective analysis was conducted using data from a randomized controlled trial of smoking cessation among adults living with HIV, to examine the association between the NMR and response to smoking cessation treatment. NMR was assessed using bio-banked urine samples collected at baseline. Self-reported smoking at 6 months was verified using a urine cotinine test and exhaled breath carbon monoxide (CO). We found no associations between the NMR and smoking abstinence (adjusted risk ratio (aRR) = 0.82; 95% CI: 0.45, 1.49; p = 0.53). No evidence of effect modification by treatment conditions was observed on the multiplicative scale (aRR = 1.17; 95% CI: 0.32, 4.30; p = 0.81) or additive scale (adjusted relative excess risk due to interaction (aRERI) = 0.10; 95% CI: −1.16, 1.36; p = 0.44). Our results suggest that the NMR may not be a viable approach for selecting smoking cessation treatment in this setting, given the minimal variability in our sample and racial/ethnic makeup of this population.

Suggested Citation

  • Chukwudi Keke & Limakatso Lebina & Katlego Motlhaoleng & Raymond Niaura & David Abrams & Ebrahim Variava & Nikhil Gupte & Jonathan E. Golub & Neil A. Martinson & Jessica L. Elf, 2025. "The Nicotine Metabolite Ratio and Response to Smoking Cessation Treatment Among People Living with HIV Who Smoke in South Africa," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 22(7), pages 1-11, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:22:y:2025:i:7:p:1040-:d:1690920
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