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A Cross-Cultural Study of Social Support from Family, Friends, and Significant Others and Mental Health Among Italian, Spanish, and Portuguese Gay and Lesbian Young Adults

Author

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  • Nicola Picone

    (Department of Psychology, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 81100 Caserta, Italy)

  • Pedro Alexandre Costa

    (Center for Psychology of University of Porto, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal)

  • Marta Evelia Aparicio-García

    (Department of Social, Work and Differential Psychology, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28223 Madrid, Spain)

  • Gaetana Affuso

    (Department of Psychology, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 81100 Caserta, Italy)

Abstract

Gay and lesbian young adults report worse mental health than their heterosexual counterparts due to social stigma. Nonetheless, factors such as social support may protect them against the negative effects of stigma. The current study compares Italian, Spanish, and Portuguese gay and lesbian young adults on three dimensions of social support (family, friends, and significant others) and on mental health indicators (depression and anxiety). It also explores the associations between social support and mental health among the three countries. To this end, a sample of 687 gay and lesbian young adults filled out an online questionnaire: 345 from Italy ( M age = 25.24, SD = 4.39), 193 from Spain ( M age = 27.44, SD = 5.05), and 149 from Portugal ( M age = 24.45, SD = 5.15). Italian participants reported lower levels of social support from family and friends than Spanish participants. Moreover, Portuguese participants reported higher levels of anxiety than Italian participants. The results of the survey further indicate that only social support from family was significantly and negatively associated with depression and anxiety in the three countries. Overall, the findings suggest that the mental health of gay and lesbian young adults can be improved through non-stigmatising cultures as well as family education.

Suggested Citation

  • Nicola Picone & Pedro Alexandre Costa & Marta Evelia Aparicio-García & Gaetana Affuso, 2025. "A Cross-Cultural Study of Social Support from Family, Friends, and Significant Others and Mental Health Among Italian, Spanish, and Portuguese Gay and Lesbian Young Adults," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 22(7), pages 1-14, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:22:y:2025:i:7:p:1038-:d:1690508
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Ricardo Pais & Luís Ruano & Carla Moreira & Sílvia Fraga & Ofélia P. Carvalho & Henrique Barros, 2021. "Social Support and Cognitive Impairment: Results from a Portuguese 4-Year Prospective Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(16), pages 1-9, August.
    2. Ledyard Tucker & Charles Lewis, 1973. "A reliability coefficient for maximum likelihood factor analysis," Psychometrika, Springer;The Psychometric Society, vol. 38(1), pages 1-10, March.
    3. Powdthavee, Nattavudh & Wooden, Mark, 2015. "Life satisfaction and sexual minorities: Evidence from Australia and the United Kingdom," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 116(C), pages 107-126.
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