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The Effects of the Modified LiiNK ® Recess Intervention on Muscular Strength, Neuromuscular Control, and Resilience in Elementary School Children

Author

Listed:
  • Lauren M. Wagner

    (Department of Kinesiology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX 76129, USA)

  • Robyn Braun-Trocchio

    (Department of Kinesiology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX 76129, USA)

  • Phil Esposito

    (Department of Kinesiology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX 76129, USA)

  • Hailey G. von Borck

    (Department of Kinesiology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX 76129, USA)

  • Deborah J. Rhea

    (Department of Kinesiology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX 76129, USA
    Senior Authorship.)

Abstract

The LiiNK Project ® is a well-researched recess intervention that integrates four 15 min recess breaks and a 15 min character development lesson daily. Previous literature has demonstrated this intervention is effective at 60 min daily to improve muscular strength (MusS) and neuromuscular control (NC) in elementary-aged children; however, it remains unclear whether similar benefits can be achieved when the intervention is modified to 30 min daily when the children reach fourth and fifth grade. Additionally, the LiiNK intervention has not examined psychological variables with physical assessments. Thus, the purpose of this study was to examine MusS, NC, and resilience at two time points in children who engaged in a modified LiiNK recess intervention. Fourth- and fifth-grade children (N = 164) from one school district participated in MusS, NC, and resilience assessments at two time points (September 2024 and January 2025). A two-way MANOVA was used to determine the assessment change score differences by grade and sex. No statistically significant main effects or interactions by grade, F (3, 160) = 1.95, p = 0.077, or sex, F (3, 160) = 1.13, p = 0.347, were found. These findings suggest 30 min of recess daily may be insufficient to produce developmental benefits observed in previous 60 min daily recess interventions.

Suggested Citation

  • Lauren M. Wagner & Robyn Braun-Trocchio & Phil Esposito & Hailey G. von Borck & Deborah J. Rhea, 2025. "The Effects of the Modified LiiNK ® Recess Intervention on Muscular Strength, Neuromuscular Control, and Resilience in Elementary School Children," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 22(10), pages 1-15, September.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:22:y:2025:i:10:p:1469-:d:1756686
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Paulo Francisco de Almeida-Neto & Dihogo Gama de Matos & Vanessa Carla Monteiro Pinto & Paulo Moreira Silva Dantas & Tatianny de Macêdo Cesário & Luíz Felipe da Silva & Alexandre Bulhões-Correia & Fel, 2020. "Can the Neuromuscular Performance of Young Athletes Be Influenced by Hormone Levels and Different Stages of Puberty?," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(16), pages 1-16, August.
    2. Richard Larouche & Madeline Kleinfeld & Ulises Charles Rodriguez & Cheryl Hatten & Victoria Hecker & David R. Scott & Leanna Marie Brown & Ogochukwu K. Onyeso & Farzana Sadia & Hanako Shimamura, 2023. "Determinants of Outdoor Time in Children and Youth: A Systematic Review of Longitudinal and Intervention Studies," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(2), pages 1-33, January.
    3. Martin Musálek & Cain C. T. Clark & Jakub Kokštejn & Šarka Vokounova & Jan Hnízdil & Filip Mess, 2020. "Impaired Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Muscle Strength in Children with Normal-Weight Obesity," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(24), pages 1-14, December.
    4. David Farbo & Laura C. Maler & Deborah J. Rhea, 2020. "The Preliminary Effects of a Multi-Recess School Intervention: Using Accelerometers to Measure Physical Activity Patterns in Elementary Children," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(23), pages 1-17, November.
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