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Sleep Duration and Metabolic Syndrome among Early Adolescents—A Cross-Sectional Study in Khartoum State, Sudan

Author

Listed:
  • Fatima A. Elfaki

    (Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan P.O. Box 114, Saudi Arabia
    School of Nutrition and Translation Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, 6211 LK Maastricht, The Netherlands)

  • Aziza I. G. Mukhayer

    (Department of Health Education and Promotion, Maastricht University, 6211 LK Maastricht, The Netherlands
    School of Medicine, Ahfad University for Women, Omdurman P.O. Box 167, Sudan)

  • Mohamed E. Moukhyer

    (Department of Emergency Medical Services, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan P.O. Box 114, Saudi Arabia
    Public Health Programs, School of Medicine, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland)

  • Rama M. Chandika

    (Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan P.O. Box 114, Saudi Arabia)

  • Stef P. J. Kremers

    (School of Nutrition and Translation Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, 6211 LK Maastricht, The Netherlands
    Department of Health Education and Promotion, Maastricht University, 6211 LK Maastricht, The Netherlands)

Abstract

Numerous studies have reported that sleep disorders are linked to poor health outcomes. However, studies on these associations in children and adolescents in an African context are limited. The aim of the present study was to analyze the relationship between sleep duration and the presence of metabolic syndrome among early adolescents in Sudan. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on participants aged 10–15 years in Khartoum State, Sudan. Metabolic syndrome (MetS) was diagnosed by increased waist circumference and the presence of two or more metabolic abnormalities (triglycerides [TG], high-density lipoproteins [HDL-C], blood pressure [BP], and fasting plasma glucose [FBG]). Short sleep duration was defined based on National Sleep Foundation (NSF) classification. Data were collected by physical examinations, biochemical analyses, and self-developed standardized questionnaires. Data were analyzed with IBM SPSS Statistics Version 24. A generalized additive model (GAM) was used for the smoothing function between sleep duration and MetS. p < 0.05 was considered as significant. Results: The prevalence of MetS and short sleep among early adolescents aged 10–15 years in Sudan was 2.3% and 55.0%, respectively. A higher prevalence of short sleep was found among overweight and obese participants ( p < 0.05). The prevalence of MetS among short sleepers was 2.8%. Binary logistic regression analysis showed that male short sleepers had higher odds of having MetS compared to female short sleepers. The relationship between short sleep and low HDL-C in boys and between short sleep and high TG in girls was statistically significant. The highest risk of MetS was observed at less than 6.5 h of sleep per night. Conclusions: Short sleep duration was significantly associated with overweight/obesity in the total population and with low HDL-C in boys and high triglycerides in girls. A nonlinear curve pattern was observed between sleep duration and prevalence of MetS. Longitudinal studies are needed to further determine the causal relationship between sleep habits and MetS and its components.

Suggested Citation

  • Fatima A. Elfaki & Aziza I. G. Mukhayer & Mohamed E. Moukhyer & Rama M. Chandika & Stef P. J. Kremers, 2023. "Sleep Duration and Metabolic Syndrome among Early Adolescents—A Cross-Sectional Study in Khartoum State, Sudan," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(9), pages 1-11, May.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:20:y:2023:i:9:p:5696-:d:1137890
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Eunyoung Jeon & Nayoung Kim, 2022. "Correspondence between Parents’ and Adolescents’ Sleep Duration," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(3), pages 1-13, January.
    2. Fatima A. Elfaki & Aziza I. G. Mukhayer & Mohamed E. Moukhyer & Rama M. Chandika & Stef P. J. Kremers, 2022. "Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome among Early Adolescents in Khartoum State, Sudan," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(22), pages 1-12, November.
    3. Areej Alowfi & Sumayah Binladen & Sumaya Irqsous & Alya Khashoggi & Muhammad Anwar Khan & Ramah Calacattawi, 2021. "Metabolic Syndrome: Prevalence and Risk Factors among Adolescent Female Intermediate and Secondary Students in Saudi Arabia," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(4), pages 1-13, February.
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    1. Fatima A. Elfaki & Aziza I. G. Mukhayer & Mohamed E. Moukhyer & Rama M. Chandika & Stef P. J. Kremers, 2022. "Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome among Early Adolescents in Khartoum State, Sudan," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(22), pages 1-12, November.

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