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Sleep Patterns during the COVID-19 Lockdown in Spain

Author

Listed:
  • Noelia Ruiz-Herrera

    (Faculty of Health Sciences, International University of La Rioja, 26006 Logroño, Spain)

  • Amparo Díaz-Román

    (Faculty of Psychology, University of Granada, 18011 Granada, Spain)

  • Alejandro Guillén-Riquelme

    (Faculty of Health Sciences, Valencian International University, 46002 Valencia, Spain)

  • Raúl Quevedo-Blasco

    (Centre for Mind, Brain, and Behaviour Research (CIMCYC) and Faculty of Psychology, University of Granada, 18011 Granada, Spain)

Abstract

Background: To mitigate the spread of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, governments around the world adopted exceptional lockdown measures. This led to the disruption of normal life routines, including sleep. The aim of this study was to analyze differences in sleep patterns and subjective variables of sleep quality before and during lockdown. Methods: A sample of 1673 Spanish adults (30% men; 82% of the total were between 21 and 50 years of age) was evaluated. The following sleep variables were evaluated: Sleep latency, sleep time, number and duration of awakenings, sleep satisfaction, daytime sleepiness, and the manifestation of symptoms related to sleep problems. Results: Although 45% of people changed their sleep schedules (resulting in 42% sleeping longer during lockdown), sleep quality (37.6% worse), daytime sleepiness (28% worse), number of awakenings (36.9% more), and duration of awakenings (45% longer) were markedly worse. Statistical analyses indicated significant differences in all the evaluated sleep variables before and during lockdown in both men and women. Women reported less sleep satisfaction, and more symptoms related to sleep problems than men. Conclusions: A deterioration in the sleep patterns of the Spanish population, especially women, because of the lockdown declared due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Suggested Citation

  • Noelia Ruiz-Herrera & Amparo Díaz-Román & Alejandro Guillén-Riquelme & Raúl Quevedo-Blasco, 2023. "Sleep Patterns during the COVID-19 Lockdown in Spain," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(6), pages 1-12, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:20:y:2023:i:6:p:4841-:d:1092666
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Teresa Paiva & Cátia Reis & Amélia Feliciano & Hugo Canas-Simião & Maria Augusta Machado & Tânia Gaspar & Gina Tomé & Cátia Branquinho & Maria Raquel Silva & Lúcia Ramiro & Susana Gaspar & Carla Bente, 2021. "Sleep and Awakening Quality during COVID-19 Confinement: Complexity and Relevance for Health and Behavior," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(7), pages 1-17, March.
    2. Paula Magalhães & Beatriz Pereira & André Oliveira & David Santos & José Carlos Núñez & Pedro Rosário, 2021. "The Mediator Role of Routines on the Relationship between General Procrastination, Academic Procrastination and Perceived Importance of Sleep and Bedtime Procrastination," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(15), pages 1-13, July.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

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