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Characteristics of Stress Sensitivity in Heroin Use Disorder Patients during Their Opioid Agonist Treatment

Author

Listed:
  • Filippo Della Rocca

    (Addiction Research Methods Institute, World Federation for the Treatment of Opioid Dependence, 225 Varick Street, Suite 402, New York, NY 10014, USA)

  • Angelo G. I. Maremmani

    (Addiction Research Methods Institute, World Federation for the Treatment of Opioid Dependence, 225 Varick Street, Suite 402, New York, NY 10014, USA
    Department of Psychiatry and Addictions, Section of Psychiatry, North-Western Tuscany Local Health Unit, Tuscany NHS, Versilia Zone, Via Aurelia 335, 55041 Viareggio, Italy)

  • Silvia Bacciardi

    (Addiction Research Methods Institute, World Federation for the Treatment of Opioid Dependence, 225 Varick Street, Suite 402, New York, NY 10014, USA
    Department of Psychiatry and Addictions, Section of Psychiatry, North-Western Tuscany Local Health Unit, Tuscany NHS, Versilia Zone, Via Aurelia 335, 55041 Viareggio, Italy)

  • Matteo Pacini

    (V.P. Dole Research Group, G. De Lisio Institute of Behavioural Sciences, Via di Pratale 3, 56121 Pisa, Italy)

  • Francesco Lamanna

    (Department of Psychiatry and Addictions, Section of Addictions, North-Western Tuscany Local Health Unit, Tuscany NHS, Pisa Zone, Via delle Torri 160, 56124 Pisa, Italy)

  • Beniamino Tripodi

    (Department of Mental Health and Addictions, Division of Psychiatry, ASST Crema, Via Largo Dossena 2, 26013 Crema, Italy)

  • Mario Miccoli

    (Addiction Research Methods Institute, World Federation for the Treatment of Opioid Dependence, 225 Varick Street, Suite 402, New York, NY 10014, USA
    Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma 67, 56100 Pisa, Italy)

  • Icro Maremmani

    (Addiction Research Methods Institute, World Federation for the Treatment of Opioid Dependence, 225 Varick Street, Suite 402, New York, NY 10014, USA
    V.P. Dole Research Group, G. De Lisio Institute of Behavioural Sciences, Via di Pratale 3, 56121 Pisa, Italy
    Saint Camillus International University of Health Sciences (UniCamillus), Via di Sant’Alessandro 8, 00131 Rome, Italy)

Abstract

In the present study, performed on a sample of Heroin Use Disorder (HUD) patients undergoing Opioid Agonist Treatment (OAT), we attempted to explore the relationships between stress sensitivity and heroin addiction-related clinical aspects. HUD patients’ stress sensitivity was evaluated with the Heroin/PTSD-Spectrum questionnaire (H/PSTD-S). The Drug Addiction History Questionnaire (DAH-Q), the Symptomatological Check List-90 (SCL-90), and The Behavioural Covariate of Heroin Craving inventory (CRAV-HERO) were all used, as were the Deltito Subjective Wellness Scale (D-SWS), a self-report scale evaluating subjective well-being; the Cocaine Problem Severity Index (CPSI), a questionnaire determining the extent of a cocaine problem; and the Marijuana Craving Questionnaire (MC-Q), an instrument assessing craving for cannabinoids. We checked correlations between stress sensitivity and the extent of HUD clinical features and compared patients with and without problematic stress sensitivity. H/PTSD-S was positively correlated with patients’ income, altered mental status, legal problems, the lifetime different treatments index, the current treatment load index, and all SCL-90 indexes and factors. Regarding subjective well-being, stress sensitivity negatively correlated with the contrast best week (last five years) index. Patients with high-stress sensitivity were females with a low income. They exhibited a more severe mental status at treatment entry, greater difficulty in working adaptation, and legal problems during treatment. Additionally, these patients showed a higher level of psychopathology, more impairment in well-being, and more risky behaviours during treatment. Stress sensitivity, as H/PTSD-S, must be considered an outcome of HUD. HUD’s addiction history and clinical features are significant risk factors for H/PTSD-S. Therefore, social and behavioural impairment in HUD patients could be considered the clinical expression of the H/PTSD spectrum. In summary, the long-term outcome of HUD is not represented by drug-taking behaviours. Rather, the inability to cope with the contingent environmental conditions is the key feature of such a disorder. H/PTSD-S, therefore, should be seen as a syndrome caused by an acquired inability (increased salience) concerning regular (daily) life events.

Suggested Citation

  • Filippo Della Rocca & Angelo G. I. Maremmani & Silvia Bacciardi & Matteo Pacini & Francesco Lamanna & Beniamino Tripodi & Mario Miccoli & Icro Maremmani, 2023. "Characteristics of Stress Sensitivity in Heroin Use Disorder Patients during Their Opioid Agonist Treatment," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(5), pages 1-21, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:20:y:2023:i:5:p:4566-:d:1087688
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Angelo Giovanni Icro Maremmani & Silvia Bacciardi & Luca Rovai & Fabio Rugani & Enrico Massimetti & Denise Gazzarrini & Liliana Dell'Osso & Icro Maremmani, 2014. "Six-Month Outcome in Bipolar Spectrum Alcoholics Treated with Acamprosate after Detoxification: A Retrospective Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 11(12), pages 1-14, December.
    2. Angelo G.I. Maremmani & Luca Cerniglia & Silvia Cimino & Silvia Bacciardi & Luca Rovai & Alessandro Pallucchini & Vincenza Spera & Giulio Perugi & Icro Maremmani, 2017. "Further Evidence of a Specific Psychopathology of Addiction. Differentiation from Other Psychiatric Psychopathological Dimensions (Such as Obesity)," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 14(8), pages 1-10, August.
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