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Freshwater Water-Quality Criteria for Chloride and Guidance for the Revision of the Water-Quality Standard in China

Author

Listed:
  • Yajun Hong

    (School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu 241000, China
    State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China)

  • Ziwei Zhu

    (Wetland Research Center, Jiangxi Academy of Forestry, Nanchang 330032, China)

  • Wei Liao

    (State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
    Wetland Research Center, Jiangxi Academy of Forestry, Nanchang 330032, China)

  • Zhenfei Yan

    (State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China)

  • Chenglian Feng

    (State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China)

  • Dayong Xu

    (School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu 241000, China)

Abstract

The chloride in water frequently exceeds the standard; directly quoting foreign water-quality criteria (WQC) or standards will inevitably reduce the scientific value of the water-quality standard (WQS) in China. Additionally, this may lead to the under- or overprotection of water bodies. This study summarized the sources, distribution, pollution status, and hazards of chloride in China’s water bodies. Additionally, we compared and analyzed the basis for setting WQS limits for chloride in China; we systematically analyzed the basis for setting the WQC for chloride in foreign countries, especially the United States. Finally, we collected and screened data on the toxicity of chloride to aquatic organisms; we also used the species sensitivity distribution (SSD) method to derive the WQC value for chloride, which is 187.5 mg·L −1 . We put forward a recommended value for freshwater WQS for chloride in China: less than 200 mg·L −1 . The study of a freshwater WQC for chloride is not only a key point of environmental research, but also an urgent demand to ensure water ecological protection in China. The results of this study are of great significance for the environmental management of chloride, protection of aquatic organisms, and risk assessment, especially for the revision of WQSs.

Suggested Citation

  • Yajun Hong & Ziwei Zhu & Wei Liao & Zhenfei Yan & Chenglian Feng & Dayong Xu, 2023. "Freshwater Water-Quality Criteria for Chloride and Guidance for the Revision of the Water-Quality Standard in China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(4), pages 1-11, February.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:20:y:2023:i:4:p:2875-:d:1059932
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