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Predictors of Phthalate Metabolites Exposure among Healthy Pregnant Women in the United States, 2010–2015

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  • Shabnaz Siddiq

    (Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA)

  • Autumn M. Clemons

    (Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA)

  • John D. Meeker

    (Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA)

  • Chris Gennings

    (Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA)

  • Virginia Rauh

    (Heilbrunn Department of Population and Family Health, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA)

  • Susannah Hopkins Leisher

    (Stillbirth Research Program, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA)

  • Adana A. M. Llanos

    (Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA)

  • Jasmine A. McDonald

    (Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA)

  • Blair J. Wylie

    (Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA)

  • Pam Factor-Litvak

    (Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA)

Abstract

Phthalate use and the concentrations of their metabolites in humans vary by geographic region, race, ethnicity, sex, product use and other factors. Exposure during pregnancy may be associated with detrimental reproductive and developmental outcomes. No studies have evaluated the predictors of exposure to a wide range of phthalate metabolites in a large, diverse population. We examined the determinants of phthalate metabolites in a cohort of racially/ethnically diverse nulliparous pregnant women. We report on urinary metabolites of nine parent phthalates or replacement compounds—Butyl benzyl phthalate (BBzP), Diisobutyl phthalate (DiBP), Diethyl phthalate (DEP), Diisononyl phthalate (DiNP), D-n-octyl phthalate (DnOP), Di-2-ethylhexyl terephthalate (DEHTP), Di-n/i-butyl phthalate (DnBP), Di-isononyl phthalate (DiNP) and Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) from urine collected up to three times from 953 women enrolled in the Nulliparous Mothers To Be Study. Phthalate metabolites were adjusted for specific gravity. Generalized estimating equations (GEEs) were used to identify the predictors of each metabolite. Overall predictors include age, race and ethnicity, education, BMI and clinical site of care. Women who were Non-Hispanic Black, Hispanic or Asian, obese or had lower levels of education had higher concentrations of selected metabolites. These findings indicate exposure patterns that require policies to reduce exposure in specific subgroups.

Suggested Citation

  • Shabnaz Siddiq & Autumn M. Clemons & John D. Meeker & Chris Gennings & Virginia Rauh & Susannah Hopkins Leisher & Adana A. M. Llanos & Jasmine A. McDonald & Blair J. Wylie & Pam Factor-Litvak, 2023. "Predictors of Phthalate Metabolites Exposure among Healthy Pregnant Women in the United States, 2010–2015," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(23), pages 1-27, November.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:20:y:2023:i:23:p:7104-:d:1286459
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Calvin Lambert & Jessica L. Gleason & Sarah J. Pugh & Aiyi Liu & Alaina Bever & William A. Grobman & Roger B. Newman & Deborah Wing & Nicole M. Gerlanc & Fasil Tekola-Ayele & Katherine L. Grantz, 2020. "Maternal Socioeconomic Factors and Racial/Ethnic Differences in Neonatal Anthropometry," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(19), pages 1-12, October.
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