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Strong Father–Child Relationships and Other Positive Childhood Experiences, Adverse Childhood Experiences, and Sexual Risk Factors for HIV among Young Adults Aged 19–24 Years, Namibia, 2019: A Cross-Sectional Study

Author

Listed:
  • Nickolas T. Agathis

    (Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
    Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA)

  • Francis B. Annor

    (Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA)

  • Likang Xu

    (Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA)

  • Elizabeth Swedo

    (Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA)

  • Laura Chiang

    (Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA)

  • Rachel Coomer

    (Division of Global HIV and TB, Global Health Center, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Private Bag, Windhoek 12029, Namibia)

  • Jennifer Hegle

    (Division of Global HIV and TB, Global Health Center, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA)

  • Pragna Patel

    (Division of Global HIV and TB, Global Health Center, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA)

  • Norbert Forster

    (International Training and Education Center for Health, Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA)

  • Gabrielle O’Malley

    (International Training and Education Center for Health, Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA)

  • Alison L. Ensminger

    (International Training and Education Center for Health, Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA)

  • Rahimisa Kamuingona

    (Ministry of Gender Equality, Poverty Eradication, and Social Welfare, Private Bag, Windhoek 13359, Namibia)

  • Helena Andjamba

    (Ministry of Gender Equality, Poverty Eradication, and Social Welfare, Private Bag, Windhoek 13359, Namibia)

  • Brigitte Nshimyimana

    (Ministry of Gender Equality, Poverty Eradication, and Social Welfare, Private Bag, Windhoek 13359, Namibia)

  • Molisa Manyando

    (US Agency for International Development, Washington, DC 20004, USA)

  • Greta M. Massetti

    (Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA)

Abstract

Using cross-sectional data from the 2019 Namibia Violence Against Children and Youth Survey and sex-stratified multivariable models, we assessed the associations between four different positive childhood experiences (PCEs) and having ≥3 adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), including ≥3 ACE–PCE interaction terms, and seven sexual risk factors for HIV acquisition among young adults aged 19–24 years. One PCE, having a strong father–child relationship, was inversely associated with two risk factors among women (lifetime transactional sex (OR, 0.4; 95% CI, 0.2–0.7) and recent age-disparate sexual relationships (OR, 0.3; 95% CI, 0.2–0.5)), and significantly interacted with having ≥3 ACEs for three risk factors among women (not knowing a partner’s HIV status, infrequently using condoms, and ever having an STI) and one among men (having multiple sexual partners in the past year). The other PCEs were significantly associated with ≤1 HIV risk factor and had no significant interaction terms. Strong father–child relationships may reduce HIV acquisition risk and mitigate the effect of childhood adversity on HIV risk among young adults in Namibia.

Suggested Citation

  • Nickolas T. Agathis & Francis B. Annor & Likang Xu & Elizabeth Swedo & Laura Chiang & Rachel Coomer & Jennifer Hegle & Pragna Patel & Norbert Forster & Gabrielle O’Malley & Alison L. Ensminger & Rahim, 2023. "Strong Father–Child Relationships and Other Positive Childhood Experiences, Adverse Childhood Experiences, and Sexual Risk Factors for HIV among Young Adults Aged 19–24 Years, Namibia, 2019: A Cross-S," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(14), pages 1-17, July.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:20:y:2023:i:14:p:6376-:d:1195337
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Zi-Yu Wang & Ming Hu & Tao-Lin Yu & Jun Yang, 2019. "The Relationship between Childhood Maltreatment and Risky Sexual Behaviors: A Meta-Analysis," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(19), pages 1-17, September.
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