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The Impact of Lockdowns on Caffeine Consumption: A Systematic Review of the Evidence

Author

Listed:
  • Dimitra Rafailia Bakaloudi

    (Laboratory of Hygiene, Social & Preventive Medicine and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece)

  • Kleo Evripidou

    (Laboratory of Hygiene, Social & Preventive Medicine and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece)

  • Ranil Jayawardena

    (Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo 00700, Sri Lanka)

  • João Breda

    (WHO European Office for the Prevention and Control of NCDs, WHO Regional Office for Europe, Moscow 125009, Russia)

  • Theodoros Dardavessis

    (Laboratory of Hygiene, Social & Preventive Medicine and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece)

  • Kalliopi-Anna Poulia

    (Laboratory of Dietetics and Quality of Life, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Agricultural University of Athens, 118 55 Athens, Greece)

  • Michail Chourdakis

    (Laboratory of Hygiene, Social & Preventive Medicine and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece)

Abstract

The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been characterized by the World Health Organization as a pandemic in March 2020 and the lockdown measures that were implemented in an effort to limit the transmission of the virus affected the daily life of many people in all over the world. The aim of this systematic review was to investigate the changes during/after the lockdowns in caffeine consumption by coffee and energy drinks. A systematic literature search was conducted in three databases (PubMed, Embase, Web of Science) up to 31 December 2021 and out of 19,511 studies found and 12,885 screened, 16 studies were included according to eligibility criteria. Results regarding coffee consumption showed that a significant part of individuals decreased their consumption and in five studies an increase was reported, including women and seniors >60 years old. Energy drinks were also consumed less during the lockdown compared to the pre-lockdown time. Attention should be given for menopausal women where an increase in coffee consumption was found which could impair bone density, but further research is needed in order to make safe conclusions.

Suggested Citation

  • Dimitra Rafailia Bakaloudi & Kleo Evripidou & Ranil Jayawardena & João Breda & Theodoros Dardavessis & Kalliopi-Anna Poulia & Michail Chourdakis, 2022. "The Impact of Lockdowns on Caffeine Consumption: A Systematic Review of the Evidence," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(9), pages 1-12, April.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:9:p:5255-:d:802318
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