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Determinants of Hypertension amongst Rice Farmers in West Java, Indonesia

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  • Nurhayati Adnan Prihartono

    (Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Indonesia, Depok 16424, Indonesia)

  • Laila Fitria

    (Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Indonesia, Depok 16424, Indonesia)

  • Doni Hikmat Ramdhan

    (Department of Occupational Health and Safety, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Indonesia, Depok 16424, Indonesia)

  • Fitriyani Fitriyani

    (Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Indonesia, Depok 16424, Indonesia)

  • Sifa Fauzia

    (Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Indonesia, Depok 16424, Indonesia)

  • Susan Woskie

    (Department of Public Health, University of Massachusetts Lowell, One University Ave, Lowell, MA 01854-2867, USA)

Abstract

The hypertension rate in Indonesia has increased significantly in the past five years, but there is limited information about the hypertension risk of farmers. Our study assesses the prevalence of hypertension in this population and examines the proportional risk of various work environment and lifestyle factors among farmers. A cross-sectional study was conducted in high and low heat stress agriculture areas of West Java, Indonesia. There were 354 male farmers aged 25 to 73 years old who participated in the study. We measured blood pressure and used a questionnaire on self-reported use of anti-hypertension drugs or diagnosis by a medical professional to define hypertension. We assessed occupational factors including farming methods, heat stress and pesticide use, and personal factors including obesity, food intake, smoking status, alcohol consumption. Multivariate analysis was used to evaluate factors potentially associated with prevalence of hypertension. Forty-six percent of farmers experience hypertension. Farming in a location with higher heat stress (WBGT) was significantly associated with increased risk of hypertension (adjusted prevalence ratio (aPR) 1.41, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.01, 1.95). Farmers who used pesticide sprayers had an increased risk of hypertension (aPR 1.90, 95% CI 0.93, 3.87). No personal/lifestyle characteristics were significantly associated with hypertension, although ever smoking and ever consuming alcohol had an increased prevalence of hypertension. This study shows the importance of work environmental factors in the prevalence of hypertension and the necessity of public health education, identification and treatment of this “silent killer” among Indonesian farmers.

Suggested Citation

  • Nurhayati Adnan Prihartono & Laila Fitria & Doni Hikmat Ramdhan & Fitriyani Fitriyani & Sifa Fauzia & Susan Woskie, 2022. "Determinants of Hypertension amongst Rice Farmers in West Java, Indonesia," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(3), pages 1-13, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:3:p:1152-:d:729424
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Konstantinos Demos & Eleni Sazakli & Eleni Jelastopulu & Nikolaos Charokopos & John Ellul & Michalis Leotsinidis, 2013. "Does Farming Have an Effect on Health Status? A Comparison Study in West Greece," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 10(3), pages 1-17, February.
    2. Pongsit Boonruksa & Thatkhwan Maturachon & Pornpimol Kongtip & Susan Woskie, 2020. "Heat Stress, Physiological Response, and Heat-Related Symptoms among Thai Sugarcane Workers," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(17), pages 1-15, September.
    3. Laila Fitria & Nurhayati Adnan Prihartono & Doni Hikmat Ramdhan & Tri Yunis Miko Wahyono & Pornpimol Kongtip & Susan Woskie, 2020. "Environmental and Occupational Risk Factors Associated with Chronic Kidney Disease of Unknown Etiology in West Javanese Rice Farmers, Indonesia," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(12), pages 1-14, June.
    4. Pornpimol Kongtip & Noppanun Nankongnab & Nichcha Kallayanatham & Ritthirong Pundee & Jutharak Yimsabai & Susan Woskie, 2020. "Longitudinal Study of Metabolic Biomarkers among Conventional and Organic Farmers in Thailand," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(11), pages 1-12, June.
    5. Pornpimol Kongtip & Noppanun Nankongnab & Mathuros Tipayamongkholgul & Ariya Bunngamchairat & Jutharak Yimsabai & Aranya Pataitiemthong & Susan Woskie, 2018. "A Cross-Sectional Investigation of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Biomarkers among Conventional and Organic Farmers in Thailand," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(11), pages 1-12, November.
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