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Prevalence of Antimicrobial Resistance and Respective Genes among Bacillus spp., a Versatile Bio-Fungicide

Author

Listed:
  • Pari Wash

    (Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Park Road, Islamabad 45550, Pakistan)

  • Asiya Batool

    (Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Park Road, Islamabad 45550, Pakistan)

  • Shah Mulk

    (Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Park Road, Islamabad 45550, Pakistan)

  • Shabnum Nazir

    (Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Park Road, Islamabad 45550, Pakistan)

  • Humaira Yasmin

    (Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Park Road, Islamabad 45550, Pakistan
    Current address: Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, South Kensigton Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK.)

  • Saqib Mumtaz

    (Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Park Road, Islamabad 45550, Pakistan)

  • Mohammed Nasser Alyemeni

    (Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia)

  • Prashant Kaushik

    (Instituto de Conservation y Mejora de la Agrodiversidad, Universitat Politecnica de Valencia, 46022 Valencia, Spain)

  • Muhammad Nadeem Hassan

    (Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Park Road, Islamabad 45550, Pakistan)

Abstract

The plant rhizosphere is not only a reservoir of microbes but also a hub of antimicrobial resistance genes. Rhizospheric Bacillus spp. are the potential bio-inoculants with a versatile application in agriculture as bio-fertilizer and bio-fungicide. In the current study, the potential bio-control agent that is the Bacillus species (n = 7) was screened for the antimicrobial resistance pattern to assess their risk before registering them as a bio-inoculant. All of the Bacillus spp. were categorized as multi-drug-resistant (MDR), bacteria but none of them was either pan-drug-resistant (PDR) or extensive-drug-resistant (XDR). The multiple antimicrobial resistance (MAR) index of Bacillus spp. was higher than the critical value (0.2). The Bacillus spp. showed resistance to antimicrobial classes such as β lactam, macrolides, sulfonamides, tetracycline, aminoglycosides, and lincosamide. Various antimicrobial resistance genes, namely VmiR , ImrB , tetL , mphK , ant-6 , penp , and bla OXA , associated with different mechanisms of resistance, were also detected in Bacillus spp. The Bacillus spp. also showed stress-tolerance traits such as ACC deaminase and EPS activity except the strains MAZ-117 and FZV-34, respectively. A significant correlation was observed between the PGPR and antimicrobial resistance, which shows that they may have adapted drug-resistance mechanisms to tolerate the environmental stress. These findings suggest that bio-fungicidal Bacillus spp. could be used very carefully on a commercial scale.

Suggested Citation

  • Pari Wash & Asiya Batool & Shah Mulk & Shabnum Nazir & Humaira Yasmin & Saqib Mumtaz & Mohammed Nasser Alyemeni & Prashant Kaushik & Muhammad Nadeem Hassan, 2022. "Prevalence of Antimicrobial Resistance and Respective Genes among Bacillus spp., a Versatile Bio-Fungicide," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(22), pages 1-14, November.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:22:p:14997-:d:972548
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