Impact of Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Influenza Virus Infection in the Adult Population in Spain between 2012 and 2020

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection is increasingly recognized as a cause of significant morbidity and mortality in adults. We aimed to estimate the rates of age-specific hospitalization and in-hospital mortality caused by acute lower respiratory tract infections (ALRTIs) in Spain between 2012 and 2020 and to compare the relative impact of RSV and influenza virus infection in adults. We used the discharge reports from the Minimum Basic Data Set to retrospectively analyze hospital discharge data on the basis of the ICD-9-CM and ICD-10-CM diagnosis codes. A total of 1,518,244 patients were hospitalized for ALRTIs, of whom 137,794 (9.1%) were admitted for RSV-related infections and 46,288 (3.0%) for influenza-related infections. In patients aged 60 years or older, the hospitalization rates (per 100,000 population) were estimated at 1.69 (95% CI 1.68–1.70) and 2.72 (95% CI 2.71–2.73) for RSV and influenza patients, respectively. However, in-hospital mortality rates were significantly higher among RSV patients than among influenza patients, 7.91% (95% CI 7.89–7.93) (83.0% of all RSV-related deaths) versus 6.91% (95% CI 6.89–6.93) (85.6% of all influenza-related deaths), respectively ( p = 0.007). RSV-associated in-hospital mortality increases exponentially with age, posing a greater risk for older adults, particularly frail and high-risk patients.