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Parental Practices and Environmental Differences among Infants Living in Upper-Middle and High-Income Countries: A Cross-Sectional Study

Author

Listed:
  • Carolina Fioroni Ribeiro da Silva

    (Postgraduate Program in Physiotherapy (PPG-Ft), Department of Physiotherapy, Nucleus of Studies in Neuropediatrics and Motricity (NENEM), Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos 13565-905, Brazil
    These authors contributed equally to this article and share first authorship.)

  • Valentina Menici

    (Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, Viale del Tirreno 331, 56128 Pisa, Italy
    Ph.D. Programme in Clinical and Translational Sciences, University of Pisa, Via Roma 67, 56126 Pisa, Italy
    These authors contributed equally to this article and share first authorship.)

  • Eloisa Tudella

    (Postgraduate Program in Physiotherapy (PPG-Ft), Department of Physiotherapy, Nucleus of Studies in Neuropediatrics and Motricity (NENEM), Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos 13565-905, Brazil)

  • Elena Beani

    (Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, Viale del Tirreno 331, 56128 Pisa, Italy)

  • Veronica Barzacchi

    (Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, Viale del Tirreno 331, 56128 Pisa, Italy
    Tuscan Ph.D. Programme of Neuroscience, University of Florence, 50121 Florence, Italy)

  • Roberta Battini

    (Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, Viale del Tirreno 331, 56128 Pisa, Italy
    Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma 67, 56126 Pisa, Italy)

  • Alessandro Orsini

    (Pediatric Neurology, Pediatric Department, Santa Chiara University Hospital, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Pisana, 56126 Pisa, Italy)

  • Giovanni Cioni

    (Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, Viale del Tirreno 331, 56128 Pisa, Italy)

  • Giuseppina Sgandurra

    (Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, Viale del Tirreno 331, 56128 Pisa, Italy
    Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma 67, 56126 Pisa, Italy)

Abstract

Parental practices and environmental factors can impact a child’s development and, consequently, functionality. The objective is to assess the parental practices and environmental differences in healthy and at-risk infants at 3–6 months of age living in upper-middle (Brazil) and high-income (Italy) countries. A total group of 115 infants was identified and classified into four groups: healthy Italian infants (H_IT); Italian infants exposed to biological risk factors (R_IT); healthy Brazilian infants (H_BR); and Brazilian infants exposed to environmental risk factors (L_BR). The dependent variables were parental practices and environmental factors, which were assessed through a semi-structured interview and the “variety of stimulation dimension” from the Affordances in the Home Environment for Motor Development—Infant Scale (AHEMD-IS) questionnaire. Descriptive analyses, a multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA), and correlation tests were applied. Regarding the environment and parental practices, the mother’s age, maternal and paternal education, civil status, and variety of stimulation showed significant differences among the infants living in Brazil or in Italy. There were strong dissimilarities in parental practices and environmental factors among infants living in low/upper-middle and high-income countries. Since the home environment is the main stimulus for infant growth and development, our results are meaningful for providing knowledge about these two different cultures.

Suggested Citation

  • Carolina Fioroni Ribeiro da Silva & Valentina Menici & Eloisa Tudella & Elena Beani & Veronica Barzacchi & Roberta Battini & Alessandro Orsini & Giovanni Cioni & Giuseppina Sgandurra, 2022. "Parental Practices and Environmental Differences among Infants Living in Upper-Middle and High-Income Countries: A Cross-Sectional Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(17), pages 1-15, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:17:p:10833-:d:902429
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Simone Schenkman & Aylene Bousquat & Maria Paula Ferreira, 2022. "Efficiency Analysis in Brazil’s Sao Paulo State Local Unified Health System (SUS): From Gender-Ethnicity-Power Inequities to the Dissolution of Health Effectiveness," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(5), pages 1-22, March.
    2. Lena Kuhn & Chengfang Liu & Tianyi Wang & Renfu Luo, 2021. "Home Environment and Early Development of Rural Children: Evidence from Guizhou Province in China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(11), pages 1-18, June.
    3. Cristina Sechi & Laura Elvira Prino & Luca Rollé & Loredana Lucarelli & Laura Vismara, 2021. "Maternal Attachment Representations during Pregnancy, Perinatal Maternal Depression, and Parenting Stress: Relations to Child’s Attachment," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(1), pages 1-11, December.
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