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Biodegradation of Azo Dye Methyl Red by Pseudomonas aeruginosa : Optimization of Process Conditions

Author

Listed:
  • Muhammad Ikram

    (Department of Chemistry, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan 23200, Pakistan)

  • Mohammad Naeem

    (Department of Chemistry, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan 23200, Pakistan)

  • Muhammad Zahoor

    (Department of Biochemistry, University of Malakand at Chakdara, Chakdara 18800, Dir Lower Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan)

  • Abdur Rahim

    (Department of Zoology, University of Malakand at Chakdara, Chakdara 18800, Dir Lower Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan)

  • Marlia Mohd Hanafiah

    (Department of Earth Sciences and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
    Centre for Tropical Climate Change System, Institute of Climate Change, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia)

  • Adeleke Abdulrahman Oyekanmi

    (Department of Earth Sciences and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia)

  • Abdul Bari Shah

    (Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea)

  • Mater H. Mahnashi

    (Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Najran University, Najran 66462, Saudi Arabia)

  • Amer Al Ali

    (Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Bisha, 255, Al Nakhil, Bisha 67714, Saudi Arabia)

  • Naif A. Jalal

    (Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 24382, Saudi Arabia)

  • Farkad Bantun

    (Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 24382, Saudi Arabia)

  • Abdul Sadiq

    (Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Malakand, Chakdara 18800, Dir Lower Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan)

Abstract

Water pollution due to textile dyes is a serious threat to every life form. Bacteria can degrade and detoxify toxic dyes present in textile effluents and wastewater. The present study aimed to evaluate the degradation potential of eleven bacterial strains for azo dye methyl red. The optimum degradation efficiency was obtained using P. aeruginosa . It was found from initial screening results that P. aeruginosa is the most potent strain with 81.49% degradation activity and hence it was subsequently used in other degradation experiments. To optimize the degradation conditions, a number of experiments were conducted where only one variable was varied at a time and where maximum degradation was observed at 20 ppm dye concentration, 1666.67 mg/L glucose concentration, 666.66 mg/L sodium chloride concentration, pH 9, temperature 40 °C, 1000 mg/L urea concentration, 3 days incubation period, and 66.66 mg/L hydroquinone (redox mediator). The interactive effect of pH, incubation time, temperature, and dye concentration in a second-order quadratic optimization of process conditions was found to further enhance the biodegradation efficiency of P. aeruginosa by 88.37%. The metabolites of the aliquot mixture of the optimized conditions were analyzed using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), GC-MS, proton, and carbon 13 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopic techniques. FTIR results confirmed the reduction of the azo bond of methyl red. The Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) results revealed that the degraded dye contains benzoic acid and o-xylene as the predominant constituents. Even benzoic acid was isolated from the silica gel column and identified by 1 H and 13 C NMR spectroscopy. These results indicated that P. aeruginosa can be utilized as an efficient strain for the detoxification and remediation of industrial wastewater containing methyl red and other azo dyes.

Suggested Citation

  • Muhammad Ikram & Mohammad Naeem & Muhammad Zahoor & Abdur Rahim & Marlia Mohd Hanafiah & Adeleke Abdulrahman Oyekanmi & Abdul Bari Shah & Mater H. Mahnashi & Amer Al Ali & Naif A. Jalal & Farkad Bantu, 2022. "Biodegradation of Azo Dye Methyl Red by Pseudomonas aeruginosa : Optimization of Process Conditions," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(16), pages 1-28, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:16:p:9962-:d:886786
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Harshad Lade & Avinash Kadam & Diby Paul & Sanjay Govindwar, 2015. "A Low-Cost Wheat Bran Medium for Biodegradation of the Benzidine-Based Carcinogenic Dye Trypan Blue Using a Microbial Consortium," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 12(4), pages 1-26, March.
    2. Harshad Lade & Sanjay Govindwar & Diby Paul, 2015. "Mineralization and Detoxification of the Carcinogenic Azo Dye Congo Red and Real Textile Effluent by a Polyurethane Foam Immobilized Microbial Consortium in an Upflow Column Bioreactor," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 12(6), pages 1-25, June.
    3. Anna Christina R. Ngo & Dirk Tischler, 2022. "Microbial Degradation of Azo Dyes: Approaches and Prospects for a Hazard-Free Conversion by Microorganisms," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(8), pages 1-24, April.
    4. Lucas Rafael Santana Pinheiro & Diana Gomes Gradíssimo & Luciana Pereira Xavier & Agenor Valadares Santos, 2022. "Degradation of Azo Dyes: Bacterial Potential for Bioremediation," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(3), pages 1-23, January.
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