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Risk Factors of Flatfoot in Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Author

Listed:
  • Liya Xu

    (Faculty of Sports and Human Sciences, Beijing Sports University, Beijing 100084, China
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

  • Hongyi Gu

    (Faculty of Sports and Human Sciences, Beijing Sports University, Beijing 100084, China
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

  • Yimin Zhang

    (Key Laboratory of Sports and Physical Health Ministry of Education, China Institute of Sports and Health, Beijing Sports University, Beijing 100084, China)

  • Tingting Sun

    (Key Laboratory of Sports and Physical Health Ministry of Education, China Institute of Sports and Health, Beijing Sports University, Beijing 100084, China)

  • Jingjing Yu

    (Key Laboratory of Sports and Physical Health Ministry of Education, China Institute of Sports and Health, Beijing Sports University, Beijing 100084, China)

Abstract

Background: This study aimed to explore the risk factors for flatfoot in children and adolescents to provide a reference basis for studying foot growth and development in children and adolescents. Methods: We examined the cross-sectional research literature regarding flatfoot in children and adolescents published in the past 20 years, from 2001 to 2021, in four electronic databases: PubMed, Web of Science, EBSCO, and Cochrane Library. Two researchers independently searched the literature according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria and evaluated the literature quality of the selected research; from this, a total of 20 articles were included in our review. After the relevant data were extracted, the data were reviewed using Manager 5.4 software (The Cochrane Collaboration, Copenhagen, Denmark), and the detection rate and risk factors for flatfoot in children were analyzed. Results: In total, 3602 children with flatfoot from 15 studies were included in the analysis. The meta-analysis results showed that being male (OR = 1.33, 95% CI: 1.09, 1.62, p = 0.005), being aged <9 years (age <6, OR = 3.11, 95% CI: 2.47, 3.90, p < 0.001; age 6–9 years, OR = 0.54, 95% CI: 0.41, 0.70, p < 0.001), joint relaxation (OR = 4.82, 95% CI: 1.19, 19.41, p = 0.03), wearing sports shoes (OR = 2.97, 95% CI: 1.46, 6.03, p = 0.003), being a child living in an urban environment (OR = 2.10, 95% CI: 1.66, 2.64, p < 0.001) and doing less exercise (OR = 0.25, 95% CI: 0.08, 0.80, p = 0.02) were risk factors for the detection of flatfoot. Conclusion: In summary, the detection rate of flatfoot in children in the past 20 years was found to be 25% through a meta-analysis. Among the children included, boys were more prone to flatfoot than girls, and the proportion of flatfoot decreased with age.

Suggested Citation

  • Liya Xu & Hongyi Gu & Yimin Zhang & Tingting Sun & Jingjing Yu, 2022. "Risk Factors of Flatfoot in Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(14), pages 1-13, July.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:14:p:8247-:d:856860
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Chia-Hsieh Chang & Yu-Chen Chen & Wen-Tien Yang & Pei-Chi Ho & Ai-Wen Hwang & Chien-Hung Chen & Jia-Hao Chang & Liang-Wey Chang, 2014. "Flatfoot Diagnosis by a Unique Bimodal Distribution of Footprint Index in Children," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 9(12), pages 1-11, December.
    2. Beata Szczepanowska-Wołowiec & Paulina Sztandera & Ireneusz Kotela & Marek Zak, 2021. "Assessment of the Foot’s Longitudinal Arch by Different Indicators and Their Correlation with the Foot Loading Paradigm in School-Aged Children: A Cross Sectional Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(10), pages 1-11, May.
    3. Daniele Galafate & Sanaz Pournajaf & Claudia Condoluci & Michela Goffredo & Gabriella Di Girolamo & Carlotta Maria Manzia & Leonardo Pellicciari & Marco Franceschini & Manuela Galli, 2020. "Bilateral Foot Orthoses Elicit Changes in Gait Kinematics of Adolescents with Down Syndrome with Flatfoot," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(14), pages 1-9, July.
    4. Yinghu Peng & Duo Wai-Chi Wong & Yan Wang & Tony Lin-Wei Chen & Qitao Tan & Zhenxian Chen & Zhongmin Jin & Ming Zhang, 2020. "Immediate Effects of Medially Posted Insoles on Lower Limb Joint Contact Forces in Adult Acquired Flatfoot: A Pilot Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(7), pages 1-13, March.
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