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The HIV Epidemic in South Africa: Key Findings from 2017 National Population-Based Survey

Author

Listed:
  • Khangelani Zuma

    (Human Sciences Research Council, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
    School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa)

  • Leickness Simbayi

    (Human Sciences Research Council, Cape Town 8000, South Africa
    Department of Psychiatry & Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa)

  • Nompumelelo Zungu

    (Human Sciences Research Council, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
    The School of Nursing and Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Howard College Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa)

  • Sizulu Moyo

    (Human Sciences Research Council, Cape Town 8000, South Africa
    School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7700, South Africa)

  • Edmore Marinda

    (Human Sciences Research Council, Pretoria 0001, South Africa)

  • Sean Jooste

    (Human Sciences Research Council, Cape Town 8000, South Africa)

  • Alicia North

    (Human Sciences Research Council, Cape Town 8000, South Africa)

  • Patrick Nadol

    (Division of Global HIV and TB, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Pretoria 0001, South Africa)

  • Getahun Aynalem

    (Division of Global HIV and TB, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Pretoria 0001, South Africa)

  • Ehimario Igumbor

    (Division of Global HIV and TB, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
    School of Public Health, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, Cape Town 7535, South Africa)

  • Cheryl Dietrich

    (Division of Global HIV and TB, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Pretoria 0001, South Africa)

  • Salome Sigida

    (Human Sciences Research Council, Pretoria 0001, South Africa)

  • Buyisile Chibi

    (Human Sciences Research Council, Pretoria 0001, South Africa)

  • Lehlogonolo Makola

    (Human Sciences Research Council, Cape Town 8000, South Africa)

  • Lwando Kondlo

    (Human Sciences Research Council, Pretoria 0001, South Africa)

  • Sarah Porter

    (Division of Global HIV and TB, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Pretoria 0001, South Africa)

  • Shandir Ramlagan

    (Human Sciences Research Council, Pretoria 0001, South Africa)

  • on behalf of the SABSSM V Study Group Contributors

    (All memberships are listed in acknowledgments.)

Abstract

South Africa has the largest number of people living with HIV worldwide. South Africa has implemented five population-based HIV prevalence surveys since 2002 aimed at understanding the dynamics and the trends of the epidemic. This paper presents key findings from the fifth HIV prevalence, incidence, and behaviour survey conducted in 2017 following policy, programme, and epidemic change since the prior survey was conducted in 2012. A cross-sectional population-based household survey collected behavioural and biomedical data on all members of the eligible households. A total of 39,132 respondents from 11,776 households were eligible to participate, of whom 93.6% agreed to be interviewed, and 61.1% provided blood specimens. The provided blood specimens were used to determine HIV status, HIV incidence, viral load, exposure to antiretroviral treatment, and HIV drug resistance. Overall HIV incidence among persons aged 2 years and above was 0.48% which translates to an estimated 231,000 new infections in 2017. HIV prevalence was 14.0% translating to 7.9 million people living with HIV. Antiretroviral (ARV) exposure was 62.3%, with the lowest exposure among those aged 15 to 24 years (39.9%) with 10% lower ARV coverage among males compared to females. Viral suppression among those on treatment was high (87.3%), whilst HIV population viral load suppression was much lower (62.3%). In terms of risk behaviours, 13.6% of youth reported having had an early sexual debut (first sex before the age of 15 years), with more males reporting having done so (19.5%) than females (7.6%). Age-disparate relationships, defined as having a sexual partner 5+ years different from oneself,) among adolescents were more common among females (35.8%) than males (1.5%). Self-reported multiple sexual partnerships (MSPs), defined as having more than one sexual partner in the previous 12 months, were more commonly reported by males (25.5%) than females (9.0%). Condom use at last sexual encounter was highest among males than females. Three quarters (75.2%) of people reported they had ever been tested for HIV, with more females (79.3%) having had done so than males (70.9%). Two-thirds of respondents (66.8%) self-reported having tested for HIV in the past 12 months. Finally, 61.6% of males in the survey self-reported as having been circumcised, with circumcision being more common among youth aged 15–24 years (70.2%), Black Africans (68.9%), and those living in both rural informal (tribal) areas (65%) and urban areas (61.9%). Slightly more (51.2%) male circumcisions were reported to have occurred in a medical setting than in traditional settings (44.8%), with more young males aged 15–24 (62.6%) and men aged 25–49 (51.5%) reporting to have done so compared to most men aged 50 and older (57.1%) who reported that they had undergone circumcision in a traditional setting. The results of this survey show that strides have been made in controlling the HIV epidemic, especially in the reduction of HIV incidence, HIV testing, and treatment. Although condom use at last sex act remains unchanged, there continue to be some challenges with the lack of significant behaviour change as people, especially youth, continue to engage in risky behaviour and delay treatment initiation. Therefore, there is a need to develop or scale up targeted intervention programmes to increase HIV testing further and put more people living with HIV on treatment as well as prevent risky behaviours that put young people at risk of HIV infection.

Suggested Citation

  • Khangelani Zuma & Leickness Simbayi & Nompumelelo Zungu & Sizulu Moyo & Edmore Marinda & Sean Jooste & Alicia North & Patrick Nadol & Getahun Aynalem & Ehimario Igumbor & Cheryl Dietrich & Salome Sigi, 2022. "The HIV Epidemic in South Africa: Key Findings from 2017 National Population-Based Survey," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(13), pages 1-11, July.
  • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:13:p:8125-:d:854337
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Thuc Minh Thi Vu & Victoria L. Boggiano & Bach Xuan Tran & Long Hoang Nguyen & Tung Thanh Tran & Carl A. Latkin & Cyrus S. H. Ho & Roger C. M. Ho, 2018. "Sexual Risk Behaviors of Patients with HIV/AIDS over the Course of Antiretroviral Treatment in Northern Vietnam," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(6), pages 1-11, May.
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    Cited by:

    1. Melitah Molatelo Rasweswe & Mamare Adelaide Bopape & Tshepo Albert Ntho, 2024. "HIV Voluntary Counselling and Testing Utilisation among School of Healthcare Sciences Undergraduate Students at the University of Limpopo," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 21(2), pages 1-11, February.

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